PG006 · 01
01非谓语：不充当谓语的动词，全是修饰
一个句子只能有一个（套）谓语动词。其余出现的动词如果是 to do / doing / done 形式，就是非谓语——作定语、状语、补语或名词，统一标绿色。
| 形式 |
表意 |
在长句中的常见角色 |
| to do |
目的 / 将来 / 具体一次 |
句首目的状语、后置定语（要……的） |
| doing |
主动 / 进行 / 伴随 |
后置定语、结果/伴随状语、动名词作名词 |
| done |
被动 / 完成 |
后置定语（被……的）、插入式修饰 |
独立主格：当分词有自己独立的逻辑主语（与主句主语不同），就叫独立主格，形式是 名词 + doing/done/to do，常由 with 引出。它不是从句，没有连词，译时单独处理。
PG006 · 02
02真题例句（上）
例1 · 英一 2018 翻译(49) 独立主格（本课最难点）
A native literary drama had been created,
its alliance with the public playhouses established, and
at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
its alliance… established 是独立主格：逻辑主语 its alliance（与主句主语 drama 不同）+ 过去分词 established。译：它与公共剧院的结盟也已确立。
例2 · 英一 2020 翻译(46) with 独立主格 + 结果分词
With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance,
the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged,
leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
句首 With + 宾语 being eclipsed 是 with 独立主格（随着……被遮蔽）；句末 leading to… 是现在分词结果状语（从而通向……）。
例3 · 英一 2014 翻译(48) 动名词作介词宾语
Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
主干 = Beethoven’s habit was rarely used。两个动名词 increasing / following 作介词 of 的宾语，解释 habit 的内容。
例4 · 英一 2019 翻译(48) 不定式目的 + by doing
Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,
for example,
by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.
to curb… 不定式表目的（试图遏制这一趋势）；by trying to incorporate… by+动名词表方式（通过把质量也纳入评估）。
PG006 · 03
03真题例句（下）
例5 · 英一 2025 翻译(47) by + 动名词
But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.
两个 by + doing 都表方式（利用……、通过让……）。真正主语是句末不定式 to overcome…，it 是形式主语。
例6 · 英一 2018 翻译(50) 句首不定式目的状语
To realize how great was the dramatic activity,
we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
To realize… 句首不定式表目的（为了认识到……）；两个 that 并列作 remember 的宾语从句。
例7 · 英一 2019 翻译(47) 现在分词后置定语
nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
applying for… = who applies for…，现在分词作 anyone 的后置定语。主干 anyone has to have published twice the papers。
例8 · 英一 2023 翻译(48) 不定式被动后置定语
Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns,
especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
used to simulate… = that are used to simulate…，过去分词作 Algorithms 的后置定语。主干 Algorithms are creating concerns。
本课小结：to do 表目的/将来，doing 表主动/进行，done 表被动；名词+分词且自带主语=独立主格。下一课 PG007 讲倒装。
