考研英语长难句 · 句法通关系列
考研长难句 PG010・并列平行与比较结构
and/but/or 对称项 · not…but · whereas/than · 逐项对应 · 逐字真题例句
PG010 · 01
01平行结构：对称的才并列
and / but / or 连接的两端必须语法对称（名词对名词、不定式对不定式、从句对从句）。读平行结构要从后往前找对称项，把一长串并列拆成几项。
| 结构 | 标志 | 读法 |
|---|---|---|
| A, B, and C | 逗号串多项，最后 and | 三项并列，词性一致 |
| not…but… | 不是……而是…… | 前后对称，重点在 but 后 |
| not only…but also | 不仅……而且…… | also 可省，两端对称 |
| whereas / while | 而、却（对比） | 前后两项对照 |
| than / as…as | 比较 | 找准比较对象 |
技巧：遇到一长串并列，先找最后一个 and/or，它前面那项就是对称基准；再往前逐项配对。翻译时按中文习惯把并列项铺开。
PG010 · 02
02真题例句（上）
例1 · 英一 2015 翻译(48) 三项并列主语共用一个谓语
But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
三个并列主语：the force…, the interplay…, and the sheer difficulty…，共用谓语 caused。主干 = 三者共同导致了重大变化。
例2 · 英一 2018 翻译(46) 多项并列主语
Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment.
四个并列主语 Court, school, organizations…, and the traveling actors，共用谓语 were all rivals。
例3 · 英一 2016 翻译(48) 三项 with 平行状语
Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
三个 with… 平行：带着同情、带着善意、带着无条件的爱。每项都带一个条件从句，结构完全对称。
例4 · 英一 2019 翻译(46) not merely…but 平行
It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.
两个 that… 从句平行，作表语：问题不只是人们做坏科学，而是现有晋升制度在鼓励它。
PG010 · 03
03真题例句（下）
例5 · 英一 2012 翻译(50) whereas 对比
Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
whereas 前后两套理论对照：乔姆斯基语法应显示独立于谱系的变化模式，而格林伯格普遍性则预测强相互依赖。
例6 · 英一 2021 翻译(50) 分号连接两个平行分句
High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
分号前后两个主谓分句平行：高增长既增加了创新机会，也削弱了稳定期接纳师生的机制。
例7 · 英一 2020 翻译(49) as were 平行倒装
Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress.
as were… 表示”……也一样”，与前面平行：科学方法、还原论、质疑教会理想应受鼓励，自由、宽容、进步的观念同样如此。
例8 · 英一 2023 翻译(46) 三项并列宾语
AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.
hobbies, favourite celebrities, and fashions 三项并列，都作 regarding 的宾语。
本课小结：and/or 两端必对称；从最后一个并列项往前配对；whereas/than 找准比较对象。下一课 PG011 讲被动语态·it/there 句型·否定转移。
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