习题解答：导论三题 ＋ 第1章 Ex1–5
题目：下列句子都不完全顺耳，请按「最能接受 → 最不能接受」排序。句中粗体是被提前的疑问词。
2. Which suspect do you wonder when they will arrest?
3. Who do you wonder which clue will convince?
4. Which clue do you wonder who will convince?
5. Which suspect do you wonder whether Holmes will invite?
6. Which suspect do you wonder whether will invite Holmes?
7. Who do you wonder what will bring to Holmes?
8. Which suspect do you wonder when will arrest Holmes?
思路：判据就是导论那条限制——疑问词移位不得跨过 whether／if 类疑问连词。句 1、4 的嵌套小句由 what／who 引导，移位相对自由，最能接受；句 5、6 撞上 whether，明显变差；句 2、3、7、8 又是双重疑问词、又跨过连词，最难接受。母语者对这八句的排序惊人一致，而这种语感没人专门教过——这正是内部语法存在的证据。
结论：不必死背名次；能说出「跨过 whether／双重疑问词越深越差」就达标。
思路：把 Ex1 的句式译成你的母语，看同样的可接受度梯度是否仍由「移位不得跨过补语连词」解释。
结论：倘若你的母语放行跨长距离移位、不设这类禁区，说明该语言把这枚开关拨到了另一档——拿同一道考题去考不同语言，差异即参数，这正是跨语言比较的意义。
题目：日记体里根句主语可省（Saw no one. Took the bus…），从句主语却不能省（as (*I) told Sally…／what could (*we) do…），宾语也不能省（led (*me) to imagine…）。这是不是 pro-drop？
正方（算）：根句主语确实可以不出现，外观像意大利语。
反方（不算）：① 省略只发生在主句，从句主语一律不许省；② 这是日记、便条这类非正式语体的删略，不是语法参数；③ 连宾语代词都省不得，而真 pro-drop 语言宾语代词也能省。
结论：它是「根句删略」的语体现象，与 pro-drop 参数沾边却不等同。开放题，两边论据都成立，重点是学会区分语体现象与语法参数。
| 价 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| 一价（1 个 θ 角色） | sleep, arrive, hesitate, stumble, smile |
| 二价（施事＋主题） | arrest, imitate, abandon, examine, destroy |
| 三价（施事＋主题＋受惠者／目标） | give, buy, send, teach, show |
2. Lestrade is walking the dogs.
3. That Holmes had quit disappointed the fans.
4. The huge dog frightened the children.
5. I have received the letter this morning.
2. walk 此处作及物「遛」：施事 Lestrade、主题 the dogs。
3. disappoint 二价：刺激源是小句 That Holmes had quit，受影响者 the fans。
4. frighten 二价：刺激 the huge dog、经验者 the children。
5. receive 二价：受领者 I、主题 the letter。
1b. I prefer very much for the guests to leave first.
1c. I prefer the guests out of the way.
1d. I prefer the guests to leave first.
4. Tom has never met Mary. 5. The officer is kissing his wife. 6. The reporter is writing a story.
7. The new plan pleases all the guests. 8. This remark leads us to a strange conclusion.
9. Poirot smokes cigars. 10. Lucy is expecting a letter.
11–18 那一串（The children are eating／Mary is washing／Tom drinks…）缺了宾语却仍合法——说明 eat、wash、drink 这类动词允许隐含论元，第二格在网格里带括号可省。但它和 *Poirot will imitate. 那种真·必备论元本质不同：imitate 的宾语省不得，eat 的宾语语境里补得出来。这正是 Ex5 要系统处理的对象。
