考研英语长难句 · 句法通关系列
考研长难句 PG009・插入语·分隔结构·同位语
双逗号 · 双破折号 · 同位语打断主谓 · 读句先跳过灰色部分 · 逐字真题例句
PG009 · 01
01三类”烟雾弹”
作者爱用插入成分把主谓隔开，制造阅读障碍。它们不影响主干，读时先闭眼跳过，译时再补回。统一标灰色。
| 类型 | 形式标志 | 处理 |
|---|---|---|
| 插入语 | 双逗号 / 双破折号 / 括号插入 | 读时整段跳过，主谓现形 |
| 分隔结构 | 主语与谓语之间插进短语/从句 | 先找谓语，再回头看插了什么 |
| 同位语 | 名词后再跟一个名词/短语解释 | 后者是前者的”白话注释” |
口诀：看到双逗号先往后跳到第二个逗号后面读；看到破折号配对，中间跳过；名词后再冒一个名词，就是同位解释。灰色部分一律最后再读。
PG009 · 02
02真题例句（上）
例1 · 英一 2022 翻译(46) 整句插入语打断主系表
It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
跳过灰色插入：主干 = It was also a battle between…（这也是一场……之间的斗争）。插入语补充”连熟悉这段历史的人都不知道”。
例2 · 英一 2019 翻译(46) 定语从句中插入时间状语从句
There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
which 定语从句里，主谓 which … generates 被插入的 when taken up… 隔开。先读 which generates scares，再补插入。
例3 · 英一 2015 翻译(47) 破折号引出同位语
The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
破折号后是 two principal forces 的同位语，列出两股力量具体是什么。主干 = 美国是两股力量的产物。
例4 · 英一 2012 翻译(48) 短插入 at least
That, at least, is the hope.
极简插入：That, at least, is the hope（至少，这是希望所在）。插入语不改变主干。
PG009 · 03
03真题例句（下）
例5 · 英一 2016 翻译(47) like 短语插入比喻
Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
like the sun behind a cloud 是插入的明喻（像云后的太阳），插在 it 前。主干 = 心理健康不会消失，只是暂时被遮住。
例6 · 英一 2013 翻译(47) 插入 as 从句
This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent.
as it is for these unlikely gardeners（正如这些意外园丁的处境）插入在从句中间。主干 = 当后者缺失时，前者就愈发迫切。
例7 · 英一 2022 翻译(47) 句尾同位语
It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.
句尾 an officer… 是 George Scovell 的同位语，补充他的身份。
例8 · 英一 2019 翻译(48) that is to say 插入解释 + 独立主格
This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
that is to say…（也就是说……）是插入的解释性同位语；句末 the assumption being that… 是独立主格。
本课小结：双逗号/双破折号中间先跳过；名词后再冒名词是同位解释；分隔结构先找谓语。下一课 PG010 讲并列平行与比较结构。
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