考研英语翻译 · 英译汉通关课
考研翻译 PT004・被动语态 / it / there
被动四种转法 · 形式主语还原 · 强调句 · 真题例句
PT004 · 01
01被动语态：中文少用”被”，主动/无主/转为系表
英文偏爱被动（尤其学术文体），中文却很少说”被”。四种常见转法：
| 转法 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 转主动 | 找出动作发出者，或泛指”人们/我们” | are recognized as → 被公认为 |
| 无主句 | 省略主语，直接说动作 | It is said that… → 据说…… |
| 系表/状态 | “be+过去分词”译成”是……的/得到……” | are taken for granted → 被视为理所当然 |
| 保留”被” | 强调受事、含不如意时才用 | was branded as heresy → 被扣上异端的帽子 |
例In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
紫＝被动主干 are recognized as（被公认为）；where 定语从句修饰 Europe；橙＝不定式被动补语。
参考译文在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原生森林群落的成员，因而也应得到相应的保护——当然，须在合理范围之内。
PT004 · 02
02it / there / 形式主语宾语：先找”真正的主语”
英文用 it 作形式主语/宾语，把真正的主语（不定式、that 从句）甩到句尾。翻译时要把真正的主语请回来。
| 结构 | 真正主语 | 中文处理 |
|---|---|---|
| it strikes one that… | that 从句（这件事） | “人们突然意识到……” |
| it was time to do… | to do 不定式 | “是时候做……了” |
| There is no doubt that… | that 从句 | “毫无疑问……” |
| it wasn’t until…that… | not until 强调句 | “直到……才……” |
例It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
这是 It was not until…that… 强调句型，中文固定译为”直到……才……”。
参考译文直到 20 世纪 40 年代”科学素养”这一说法出现，科学才拥有了它所需要的那个响亮口号，用以唤起公众关注，并把改进科学教育树立为一项重要的国家目标。
易错把 It wasn’t until…that… 译成”它不是直到……”或漏译 not，意思完全反了——“直到……才”是固定采分点。
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