日耳曼字根 N209 · put:放·放置·使处于(PIE —)

GERMANIC ROOT · N209 · 日耳曼字根

put

OE putian「推、戳」 → NE put

日耳曼本族(词源不详)动词:放 · 放置共时词族:1 词

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

主词「put」的语源分层:日耳曼本族层与借入层对列。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

OE putian「推、戳」→ NE put

put

本族同根:put(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

—(本根无拉丁单根页)

(待补)L 篇待补

不强行拉同源,列待补

G · GREEK 希腊

—(本根无希腊单根页)

(待补)G 篇待补

不强行拉同源,列待补

语源分层:日耳曼本族(来历不明):put 古英语 putian「推、戳」,更早来源不明;过去式与原形同形 put-put,属不变形动词。

与拉丁、希腊无可靠对音,不硬拉同源。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

put 不靠 Ablaut 四词干;它的词族由后缀、复合与弱变化规则扩展。

本义

putian

OE「推、戳」

put:放、置

副词搭配

put + off/on

「推迟/穿上」

put off / put on

施事

putt-

高尔夫「推杆」

putt

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从古英语/源语到现代 put 的关键语音变化。

1 ① 词尾 -ian 脱落

古英语 putian 词尾脱落,词干固化为 put。

2 ② 不变形

put 的过去式与过去分词同形 put,属规则弱变化的简化。

3 ③ 短 u 保留

put /pʊt/ 保留古英语短 u,未推移。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

动词:放 · 放置;词干由下列形态构成。

原形

putian

OE putian

过去式

put

不变形

派生

putt

高尔夫推杆

拼写演变 · 文献证据

词形 古英语 中古英语 现代
动词 putian putten put
过去式 putte put put
高尔夫 — putt putt

两个关键事实:① put 来历不明,古英语已有但更早根未定;② put-put 不变形。

put-短语动词:put off、put on、put up with
putt高尔夫推杆(同形异支)

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

put 各义由核心义逐级引申。

推、戳(古义)

OE

→

放置(摆放)

OE

→

使处于(put to use)

ME

→

推迟/穿戴(短语)

短语
习语:put「放」· put off「推迟」· put on「穿上」· put up with「忍受」· put out「熄灭」。
put/pʊt/S 核心
put

放

putian < 词源不详,放

动 放,放置,使处于

衍

input n 输入

output n 输出

put off v 推迟

put on v 穿上

putter n 推杆

putting n 推杆击球

▪ She put the keys on the table.
她把钥匙放在桌上。

▪ He put on his coat and went out.
他穿上外套出门了。

▪ Put the milk in the fridge.
把牛奶放进冰箱。

▪ They put off the meeting until Friday.
他们把会议推迟到星期五。

amputate/ˈæmpjuteɪt/B
am-
putare修剪

截肢

古英语 put 家族:am- + putare修剪(「(在周围)修剪掉」→截)

动 截肢

▪ The manager decided to amputate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前截肢这个问题。

▪ She will amputate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去截肢这项任务。

▪ They need to amputate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要截肢这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to amputate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就截肢了计划。

compute/kəmˈpjuːt/A
com-一起
putare算

计算

古英语 put 家族:com-一起 + putare算(「(数据)汇总算」)

名 计算

▪ The compute is widely used in this kind of work.
计算在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the compute in a safe place after use.
用后请把计算放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the compute to the entrance of the building.
团队把计算搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable compute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的计算。

deputy/ˈdepjuti/A
de-离
putare算/指派

副手;代理

古英语 put 家族:de-离 + putare算/指派(「被指派代管」者)

名 副手;代理

▪ The deputy is widely used in this kind of work.
副手在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the deputy in a safe place after use.
用后请把副手放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the deputy to the entrance of the building.
团队把副手搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable deputy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的副手。

dispute/dɪˈspjuːt/A
dis-分
putare算

争论;争端

古英语 put 家族:dis-分 + putare算(「各算各的账」→争执)

名 争论;争端

▪ The dispute is widely used in this kind of work.
争论在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the dispute in a safe place after use.
用后请把争论放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the dispute to the entrance of the building.
团队把争论搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable dispute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的争论。

reputation/ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn/S 核心
re-再
putare算/估

名声;声誉

古英语 put 家族:re-再 + putare算/估(「众人反复掂量」→名声)

名 名声;声誉

▪ The whole reputation took several hours to complete.
整个名声过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper reputation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的名声至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of reputation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了名声的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the reputation.
经理就名声写了一份清晰的报告。

impute/ɪmˈpjuːt/B
im-上
putare算

归咎于

古英语 put 家族:im-上 + putare算(「算到…头上」)

名 归咎于

▪ The impute is widely used in this kind of work.
归咎于在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the impute in a safe place after use.
用后请把归咎于放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the impute to the entrance of the building.
团队把归咎于搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable impute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的归咎于。

putative/ˈpjuːtətɪv/B
put

推定的;公认的

古英语 put 家族:put(「被认定」的)

形 推定的;公认的

▪ The new rule will be putative for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是推定的。

▪ They considered the plan putative after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是推定的。

▪ The manager gave a putative answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个推定的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be putative before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是推定的的。

accountancy/əˈkaʊntənsi/B
ac
count
ancy

会计工作,会计学

古英语 put 家族:ac + count + ancy(会计工作,会计学)

名 会计工作,会计学

▪ The accountancy arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位会计工作比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained accountancy knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的会计工作知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced accountancy for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的会计工作。

▪ The accountancy answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,会计工作回答了记者的提问。

accountant/əˈkaʊntənt/A
ac
count
ant

会计师

古英语 put 家族:ac + count + ant(会计师)

名 会计师

▪ The accountant arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位会计师比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained accountant knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的会计师知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced accountant for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的会计师。

▪ The accountant answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,会计师回答了记者的提问。

computer/kəmˈpjuːtə(r)/S 核心
com
put
er

计算机,电脑

古英语 put 家族:com + put + er(计算机,电脑)

名 计算机,电脑

▪ The computer is widely used in this kind of work.
计算机在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the computer in a safe place after use.
用后请把计算机放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the computer to the entrance of the building.
团队把计算机搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable computer at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的计算机。

deputationˌdepjuˈteɪʃnB
deputa
ation

代表团

古英语 put 家族:deputa + ation(代表团)

名 代表团

▪ The deputation arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位代表团比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained deputation knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的代表团知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced deputation for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的代表团。

▪ The deputation answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,代表团回答了记者的提问。

deputedɪˈpjuːtB
put

委任;授权给;指定…为代理人

古英语 put 家族:put(委任;授权给;指定…为代理人)

动 委任;授权给;指定…为代理人

▪ The manager decided to depute the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前委任这个问题。

▪ She will depute the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去委任这项任务。

▪ They need to depute the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要委任这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to depute the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就委任了计划。

deputizeˈdepjutaɪzB
deput
ize

让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人

古英语 put 家族:deput + ize(让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人)

动 让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人

▪ The manager decided to deputize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前让…代理vi.担任代表这个问题。

▪ She will deputize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去让…代理vi.担任代表这项任务。

▪ They need to deputize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要让…代理vi.担任代表这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to deputize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就让…代理vi.担任代表了计划。

disputabledɪˈspjuːtəb(ə)lB
disput
able

有争议的,可商榷的

古英语 put 家族:disput + able(有争议的,可商榷的)

形 有争议的,可商榷的

▪ The new rule will be disputable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是有争议的。

▪ They considered the plan disputable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是有争议的。

▪ The manager gave a disputable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个有争议的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be disputable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是有争议的的。

disputantdɪˈspjuːtəntB
disput
ant

辩论者,争论者

古英语 put 家族:disput + ant(辩论者,争论者)

名 辩论者,争论者

▪ The disputant arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位辩论者比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained disputant knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的辩论者知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced disputant for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的辩论者。

▪ The disputant answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,辩论者回答了记者的提问。

computation/ˌkɑːmpjuˈteɪʃn/B
com- together

计算;计算过程

古英语 put/comput 家族:com- together(计算)

名 计算;计算过程

▪ The whole computation took several hours to complete.
整个计算过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper computation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的计算至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of computation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了计算的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the computation.
经理就计算写了一份清晰的报告。

accountability/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/A
accomputare to reckon up
-ability

问责制;负责;有义务

古英语 put/comput 家族:accomputare to reckon up + -ability(问责制;负责;有义务)

名 问责制;负责;有义务

衍

accountable(adj)=负有责任的

▪ The whole accountability took several hours to complete.
整个问责制过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper accountability is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的问责制至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of accountability with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了问责制的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the accountability.
经理就问责制写了一份清晰的报告。

put off/pʊt ˈɔːf/C
put

推迟

古英语 put 家族:put(推迟)

名 推迟

衍

日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校

▪ They had to put off before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不推迟。

▪ The team will put off once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会推迟。

▪ She decided to put off after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定推迟。

▪ Nobody expected things to put off so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快推迟。

put on/pʊt ˈɑːn/S 核心
put

穿上

古英语 put 家族:put(穿上)

名 穿上

衍

日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·牛津定档

▪ They had to put on before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不穿上。

▪ The team will put on once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会穿上。

▪ She decided to put on after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定穿上。

▪ Nobody expected things to put on so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快穿上。

词源不详put 的来历不明

put 古英语 putian「推、戳」,更早来源不明;其过去式与原形同形 put-put,属不变形动词。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PGmc *putōjan(推、戳)——PIE 根未定
│
└─ OE putian ── put(put · put · put)
     └─ putt(高尔夫推杆)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

带星号 *putōjan 是构拟形;putian 是古英语手稿真实形。

入英年代

本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入英。

频率与地位

put 为英语最高频动词之一,大量短语动词。

三重证据法:词尾脱落、短 u 保留 → 古英语书证;更早根未定。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

put 在兄弟语言与借入层的延伸。

DANISH 丹麦语

putte

丹麦语 putte「放、塞」与 put 相关。

OLD NORSE

putta

古诺斯 putta「戳」印证祖形。

put off / put on

短语动词,由「放置」引申「推迟/穿上」。

putt

高尔夫「推杆」,与 put 同形异支。

外围日耳曼

丹麦 putte、瑞典 putta。

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 20 词)
put/pʊt/
动. 放,放置,使处于
源putian < 词源不详,放
构put
链放
例She put the keys on the table.
amputate/ˈæmpjuteɪt/
动 截肢
源am- + putare修剪
构am- + putare修剪
链「(在周围)修剪掉」→截
例The manager decided to amputate the problem before the meeting.

compute/kəmˈpjuːt/
名 计算
源com-一起 + putare算
构com-一起 + putare算
链「(数据)汇总算」
例The compute is widely used in this kind of work.

deputy/ˈdepjuti/
名 副手;代理
源de-离 + putare算/指派
构de-离 + putare算/指派
链「被指派代管」者
例The deputy is widely used in this kind of work.

dispute/dɪˈspjuːt/
名 争论;争端
源dis-分 + putare算
构dis-分 + putare算
链「各算各的账」→争执
例The dispute is widely used in this kind of work.

reputation/ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn/
名 名声;声誉
源re-再 + putare算/估
构re-再 + putare算/估
链「众人反复掂量」→名声
例The whole reputation took several hours to complete.

impute/ɪmˈpjuːt/
名 归咎于
源im-上 + putare算
构im-上 + putare算
链「算到…头上」
例The impute is widely used in this kind of work.

putative/ˈpjuːtətɪv/
形 推定的;公认的
源put
构put
链「被认定」的
例The new rule will be putative for everyone in the group.

accountancy/əˈkaʊntənsi/
名 会计工作,会计学
源ac + count + ancy
构ac + count + ancy
例The accountancy arrived at the office earlier than usual.

accountant/əˈkaʊntənt/
名 会计师
源ac + count + ant
构ac + count + ant
例The accountant arrived at the office earlier than usual.

computer/kəmˈpjuːtə(r)/
名 计算机,电脑
源com + put + er
构com + put + er
例The computer is widely used in this kind of work.

deputationˌdepjuˈteɪʃn
名 代表团
源deputa + ation
构deputa + ation
例The deputation arrived at the office earlier than usual.

deputedɪˈpjuːt
动 委任;授权给;指定…为代理人
源put
构put
例The manager decided to depute the problem before the meeting.

deputizeˈdepjutaɪz
动 让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人
源deput + ize
构deput + ize
例The manager decided to deputize the problem before the meeting.

disputabledɪˈspjuːtəb(ə)l
形 有争议的,可商榷的
源disput + able
构disput + able
例The new rule will be disputable for everyone in the group.

disputantdɪˈspjuːtənt
名 辩论者,争论者
源disput + ant
构disput + ant
例The disputant arrived at the office earlier than usual.

computation/ˌkɑːmpjuˈteɪʃn/
名 计算;计算过程
源com- together
构com- together
链计算
例The whole computation took several hours to complete.

accountability/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/
名 问责制;负责;有义务
源accomputare to reckon up + -ability
构accomputare to reckon up + -ability
例The whole accountability took several hours to complete.

put off/pʊt ˈɔːf/
名 推迟
源put
构put
例They had to put off before the situation got worse.

put on/pʊt ˈɑːn/
名 穿上
源put
构put
例They had to put on before the situation got worse.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · put

同一个印欧根在几条主线上的分化:

N · 日耳曼本页 putL · 拉丁 篇待补G · 希腊 篇待补