GERMANIC ROOT · N209 · 日耳曼字根
put
OE putian「推、戳」 → NE put
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
主词「put」的语源分层:日耳曼本族层与借入层对列。
OE putian「推、戳」→ NE put
put
本族同根:put(详见本页)
—(本根无拉丁单根页)
(待补)L 篇待补
不强行拉同源,列待补
—(本根无希腊单根页)
(待补)G 篇待补
不强行拉同源,列待补
与拉丁、希腊无可靠对音,不硬拉同源。
词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS
put 不靠 Ablaut 四词干;它的词族由后缀、复合与弱变化规则扩展。
本义
putian
OE「推、戳」
put:放、置
副词搭配
put + off/on
「推迟/穿上」
put off / put on
施事
putt-
高尔夫「推杆」
putt
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从古英语/源语到现代 put 的关键语音变化。
1 ① 词尾 -ian 脱落
古英语 putian 词尾脱落,词干固化为 put。
2 ② 不变形
put 的过去式与过去分词同形 put,属规则弱变化的简化。
3 ③ 短 u 保留
put /pʊt/ 保留古英语短 u,未推移。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
动词:放 · 放置;词干由下列形态构成。
原形
putian
OE putian
过去式
put
不变形
派生
putt
高尔夫推杆
拼写演变 · 文献证据
| 词形 | 古英语 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 动词 | putian | putten | put |
| 过去式 | putte | put | put |
| 高尔夫 | — | putt | putt |
两个关键事实:① put 来历不明,古英语已有但更早根未定;② put-put 不变形。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
put 各义由核心义逐级引申。
→
→
→
放
putian < 词源不详,放
动 放,放置,使处于
衍
input n 输入
output n 输出
put off v 推迟
put on v 穿上
putter n 推杆
putting n 推杆击球
▪ She put the keys on the table.
她把钥匙放在桌上。
▪ He put on his coat and went out.
他穿上外套出门了。
▪ Put the milk in the fridge.
把牛奶放进冰箱。
▪ They put off the meeting until Friday.
他们把会议推迟到星期五。
putare修剪
截肢
古英语 put 家族:am- + putare修剪(「(在周围)修剪掉」→截)
动 截肢
▪ The manager decided to amputate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前截肢这个问题。
▪ She will amputate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去截肢这项任务。
▪ They need to amputate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要截肢这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to amputate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就截肢了计划。
putare算
计算
古英语 put 家族:com-一起 + putare算(「(数据)汇总算」)
名 计算
▪ The compute is widely used in this kind of work.
计算在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the compute in a safe place after use.
用后请把计算放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the compute to the entrance of the building.
团队把计算搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable compute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的计算。
putare算/指派
副手;代理
古英语 put 家族:de-离 + putare算/指派(「被指派代管」者)
名 副手;代理
▪ The deputy is widely used in this kind of work.
副手在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the deputy in a safe place after use.
用后请把副手放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the deputy to the entrance of the building.
团队把副手搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable deputy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的副手。
putare算
争论;争端
古英语 put 家族:dis-分 + putare算(「各算各的账」→争执)
名 争论;争端
▪ The dispute is widely used in this kind of work.
争论在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the dispute in a safe place after use.
用后请把争论放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the dispute to the entrance of the building.
团队把争论搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable dispute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的争论。
putare算/估
名声;声誉
古英语 put 家族:re-再 + putare算/估(「众人反复掂量」→名声)
名 名声;声誉
▪ The whole reputation took several hours to complete.
整个名声过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper reputation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的名声至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of reputation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了名声的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the reputation.
经理就名声写了一份清晰的报告。
putare算
归咎于
古英语 put 家族:im-上 + putare算(「算到…头上」)
名 归咎于
▪ The impute is widely used in this kind of work.
归咎于在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the impute in a safe place after use.
用后请把归咎于放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the impute to the entrance of the building.
团队把归咎于搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable impute at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的归咎于。
推定的;公认的
古英语 put 家族:put(「被认定」的)
形 推定的;公认的
▪ The new rule will be putative for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是推定的。
▪ They considered the plan putative after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是推定的。
▪ The manager gave a putative answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个推定的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be putative before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是推定的的。
count
ancy
会计工作,会计学
古英语 put 家族:ac + count + ancy(会计工作,会计学)
名 会计工作,会计学
▪ The accountancy arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位会计工作比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained accountancy knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的会计工作知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced accountancy for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的会计工作。
▪ The accountancy answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,会计工作回答了记者的提问。
count
ant
会计师
古英语 put 家族:ac + count + ant(会计师)
名 会计师
▪ The accountant arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位会计师比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained accountant knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的会计师知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced accountant for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的会计师。
▪ The accountant answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,会计师回答了记者的提问。
put
er
计算机,电脑
古英语 put 家族:com + put + er(计算机,电脑)
名 计算机,电脑
▪ The computer is widely used in this kind of work.
计算机在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the computer in a safe place after use.
用后请把计算机放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the computer to the entrance of the building.
团队把计算机搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable computer at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的计算机。
ation
代表团
古英语 put 家族:deputa + ation(代表团)
名 代表团
▪ The deputation arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位代表团比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained deputation knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的代表团知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced deputation for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的代表团。
▪ The deputation answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,代表团回答了记者的提问。
委任;授权给;指定…为代理人
古英语 put 家族:put(委任;授权给;指定…为代理人)
动 委任;授权给;指定…为代理人
▪ The manager decided to depute the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前委任这个问题。
▪ She will depute the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去委任这项任务。
▪ They need to depute the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要委任这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to depute the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就委任了计划。
ize
让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人
古英语 put 家族:deput + ize(让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人)
动 让…代理vi.担任代表,做代理人
▪ The manager decided to deputize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前让…代理vi.担任代表这个问题。
▪ She will deputize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去让…代理vi.担任代表这项任务。
▪ They need to deputize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要让…代理vi.担任代表这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to deputize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就让…代理vi.担任代表了计划。
able
有争议的,可商榷的
古英语 put 家族:disput + able(有争议的,可商榷的)
形 有争议的,可商榷的
▪ The new rule will be disputable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是有争议的。
▪ They considered the plan disputable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是有争议的。
▪ The manager gave a disputable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个有争议的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be disputable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是有争议的的。
ant
辩论者,争论者
古英语 put 家族:disput + ant(辩论者,争论者)
名 辩论者,争论者
▪ The disputant arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位辩论者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained disputant knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的辩论者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced disputant for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的辩论者。
▪ The disputant answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,辩论者回答了记者的提问。
计算;计算过程
古英语 put/comput 家族:com- together(计算)
名 计算;计算过程
▪ The whole computation took several hours to complete.
整个计算过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper computation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的计算至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of computation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了计算的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the computation.
经理就计算写了一份清晰的报告。
-ability
问责制;负责;有义务
古英语 put/comput 家族:accomputare to reckon up + -ability(问责制;负责;有义务)
名 问责制;负责;有义务
衍
accountable(adj)=负有责任的
▪ The whole accountability took several hours to complete.
整个问责制过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper accountability is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的问责制至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of accountability with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了问责制的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the accountability.
经理就问责制写了一份清晰的报告。
推迟
古英语 put 家族:put(推迟)
名 推迟
衍
日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校
▪ They had to put off before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不推迟。
▪ The team will put off once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会推迟。
▪ She decided to put off after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定推迟。
▪ Nobody expected things to put off so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快推迟。
穿上
古英语 put 家族:put(穿上)
名 穿上
衍
日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·牛津定档
▪ They had to put on before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不穿上。
▪ The team will put on once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会穿上。
▪ She decided to put on after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定穿上。
▪ Nobody expected things to put on so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快穿上。
词源不详put 的来历不明
put 古英语 putian「推、戳」,更早来源不明;其过去式与原形同形 put-put,属不变形动词。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PGmc *putōjan(推、戳)——PIE 根未定
│
└─ OE putian ── put(put · put · put)
└─ putt(高尔夫推杆)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
带星号 *putōjan 是构拟形;putian 是古英语手稿真实形。
本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入英。
put 为英语最高频动词之一,大量短语动词。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
put 在兄弟语言与借入层的延伸。
DANISH 丹麦语
putte
丹麦语 putte「放、塞」与 put 相关。
OLD NORSE
putta
古诺斯 putta「戳」印证祖形。
put off / put on
短语动词,由「放置」引申「推迟/穿上」。
putt
高尔夫「推杆」,与 put 同形异支。
外围日耳曼
丹麦 putte、瑞典 putta。
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · put
同一个印欧根在几条主线上的分化:

