LATIN ROOT · L050 · 拉丁字根
loqu / locut说 · 讲
PIE root 存疑(一说 *tōkʷ-) 「to speak」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
拉丁异态动词 loquī「说」给现在词干 loqu- 与分词词干 locūt-;英语 eloquent/colloquial 挂两枝。
存疑 → Latin loquī「to speak」;分词 locūtus
loquor / locut-
eloquent · colloquial · soliloquy · loquacious(详见本页)
与希腊「说」无可靠同形
—G 篇待补
希腊「说」另作 agoreu-ein/eipein
日耳曼无 loquī 继承
—N 篇待补
英语本族「说」用 say/speak
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
loquī 异态第三变位;英语 eloquent 挂现在分词 loqu-,elocution 挂分词 locūt-。
PRESENT 现在词干
loqu-
loquor, loquī|异态第三变位
eloquent(ē- 说出来)· colloquial(co- 一起说)· loquacious
PERFECT 完成词干
locūt-
locūtus sum|异态完成
拉丁完成:locūtus sum「我说过了」
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
locut-
locūtum / locūtus|-t-
elocution(ē-)· locution · circumlocution
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 loquī 到英语 loqu-/locut-,四次关键的形态—语音调整。
①qu 读 /kw/→/k/
词干 loqu- 在英语 eloquent /ˈeləkwənt/ 保留 /kw/;colloquial /kəˈloʊkwiəl/。
②c 在 e 前软化 /ʃn/
分词 locūtiō→elocution /ˌeləˈkjuːʃn/;-ti- 在元音间软化。
③词尾 -us/-um 脱落
loquentem→eloquent;locūtiōnem→elocution。
④复合前缀 co-/ē-/solus-
cum+loquī→colloquī;ē-+loqu-→ēloquī;solus(独自)+loquium→soliloquy。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
loquī 异态第三变位;英语多借现在分词 loqu- 与名词 locūtiō。
现在 1sg
loquor
我说(被动形)
现在不定式
loquī
to speak
完成 1sg
locūtus sum
我说过了
目的分词
locūtum
说(词干 locūt-)
现在时变位 · 异态第三变位(被动形主动义)
| 人称 | 主动义(被动形) | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | loquor | loqu-or |
| 2 sg | queris | que-ris |
| 3 sg | quitur | qui-tur |
| 1 pl | loquimur | loqu-imur |
| 2 pl | loquiminī | loqu-iminī |
| 3 pl | quuntur | qu-untur |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| eloquent | eloquentem | eloquent | 14 世纪 |
| colloquial | colloquium | — | 18 世纪 |
| soliloquy | soliloquium | — | 15 世纪 |
| loquacious | loquax | — | 17 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① loquī 是异态动词(被动形表主动);② eloquent = ē-「出」+loquent-「说」;③ soliloquy = solus「独自」+loqui「说」→独白。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
loquī 核心是「说」,由「说出」到「口语」到「独白」多线引申。
→
→
→
→
→
→
com- 一起 / 一起说话用的 → 口语的、会话的。 / 说 / 拉丁 -ialis,…的
1751年,colloquy「会话」+-al;colloquy 来自拉丁 colloquium「会议、交谈」,字面「一起说话」,col-(com- 一起,在 l 前同化)+-loquium「说话」(loqui)。
形 口语的,会话的,通俗的(非书面/正式的)
▪ The novel uses a colloquial style.
这部小说采用口语化的文体。
▪ In an essay, avoid too colloquial expressions.
写议论文时要避免过于口语化的表达。
▪ She speaks colloquial French fluently.
她能流利地说一口法语口语。
▪ The term is colloquial, not formal.
这个说法很口语,不正式。
出 / 善于说出的品质 → 雄辩。 / 说 / 拉丁 -entia,品质
14世纪晚期,古法 eloquence(12世纪),拉丁 eloquentia「演说才能、雄辩」,eloquens(见 eloquent)的抽象名词。
名 雄辩,口才;雄辩术
▪ Her eloquence moved the audience to tears.
她的雄辩口才让听众感动落泪。
▪ He was known for his eloquence in court.
他以法庭上的雄辩著称。
▪ The essay has rare elegance and eloquence.
这篇文章兼具少见的典雅与雄辩。
▪ She learned eloquence through practice.
她通过练习练就了口才。
ex- 向外 / 能把话说出来的 → 雄辩的。 / 说,现在词干 / 拉丁现在分词 -ens,正在…的
14世纪晚期,古法 eloquent,拉丁 eloquentem(主格 eloquens)「会说话的、雄辩的」,是 eloqui「畅所欲言、说出」的现在分词;e-(ex- 出)+loqui「说」(PIE *tolkw-「说」)。
形 雄辩的,有口才的;动人的
▪ She gave an eloquent speech about hope.
她发表了一场关于希望的动人演讲。
▪ The silence was more eloquent than words.
沉默比言语更有说服力。
▪ He is an eloquent defender of the poor.
他是穷人有力的辩护者。
▪ The painting is an eloquent image of loss.
这幅画是失落感的生动写照。
一起 / 口语里的说法 → 口语词。 / 说 / …的 / 用语/风格
1810年,colloquial+-ism;指日常会话特有、区别于文雅正式语的词或说法。
名 口语词,俗语;口语体
▪ The writer loves colorful colloquialisms.
这位作家偏爱生动的口语词。
▪ The phrase is a common colloquialism.
这个短语是常见的口语说法。
▪ His speech was full of regional colloquialisms.
他的讲话充满了方言土语。
▪ Avoid colloquialisms in formal writing.
正式写作中要避免俗语。
说 / 倾向于一直说的 → 多话的。 / 拉丁 -ax,倾向于…的 / 形
17世纪,拉丁 loquax(属格 loquacis)「爱说话的、多话的」(loqui「说」)+英语 -ous;拉丁 loquacitas→英语 loquacity。
形 话多的,饶舌的,健谈的
▪ The loquacious guide talked nonstop.
那位健谈的导游说个不停。
▪ He became loquacious after a glass of wine.
喝了一杯酒后他话就多了起来。
▪ The loquacious parrot amused the children.
那只饶舌的鹦鹉逗乐了孩子们。
▪ She was usually quiet, not loquacious.
她平时很安静,并不健谈。
solus 独自 / 独自说话 → 独白。 / 说
约1600年 soliloquie,晚期拉丁 soliloquium「对自己说话」,拉丁 solus「独自」+loqui「说」;据传奥古斯丁仿希腊 monologia 造此词,莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》独白后广为流行。
名 独白(尤指戏剧中自言自语)
▪ The famous soliloquy begins with a well-known line.
那段著名的独白以一句名诗开头。
▪ The actor delivered a long soliloquy.
演员作了一段长长的独白。
▪ In the soliloquy, he debates life and death.
在独白中,他思索着生与死。
▪ She wrote a soliloquy for the lead role.
她为主角写了一段独白。
夸大的言辞,大话,堂皇的说话方式
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 夸大的言辞,大话,堂皇的说话方式
▪ The whole grandiloquence took several hours to complete.
整个夸大的言辞过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper grandiloquence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的夸大的言辞至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of grandiloquence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了夸大的言辞的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the grandiloquence.
经理就夸大的言辞写了一份清晰的报告。
言辞夸大的,卖弄辞藻的,说话堂皇的
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
形 言辞夸大的,卖弄辞藻的,说话堂皇的
▪ The new rule will be grandiloquent for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是言辞夸大的。
▪ They considered the plan grandiloquent after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是言辞夸大的。
▪ The manager gave a grandiloquent answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个言辞夸大的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be grandiloquent before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是言辞夸大的的。
多话,饶舌;健谈
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 多话,饶舌;健谈
▪ The whole loquacity took several hours to complete.
整个多话过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper loquacity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的多话至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of loquacity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了多话的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the loquacity.
经理就多话写了一份清晰的报告。
夸张的言辞,豪言壮语,华丽文体
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 夸张的言辞,豪言壮语,华丽文体
▪ The whole magniloquence took several hours to complete.
整个夸张的言辞过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper magniloquence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的夸张的言辞至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of magniloquence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了夸张的言辞的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the magniloquence.
经理就夸张的言辞写了一份清晰的报告。
夸张的,说大话的;用词华丽的
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
形 夸张的,说大话的;用词华丽的
▪ The new rule will be magniloquent for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是夸张的。
▪ They considered the plan magniloquent after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是夸张的。
▪ The manager gave a magniloquent answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个夸张的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be magniloquent before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是夸张的的。
学术研讨会,专题讨论会;(拉丁原义)会谈
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 学术研讨会,专题讨论会;(拉丁原义)会谈
▪ The colloquium is widely used in this kind of work.
学术研讨会在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the colloquium in a safe place after use.
用后请把学术研讨会放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the colloquium to the entrance of the building.
团队把学术研讨会搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable colloquium at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的学术研讨会。
(正式的)会谈,对话;(文学)对话体
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 (正式的)会谈,对话;(文学)对话体
▪ The colloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
会谈在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the colloquy in a safe place after use.
用后请把会谈放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the colloquy to the entrance of the building.
团队把会谈搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable colloquy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的会谈。
公开辱骂,指责;臭名,耻辱
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 公开辱骂,指责;臭名,耻辱
▪ The obloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
公开辱骂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the obloquy in a safe place after use.
用后请把公开辱骂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the obloquy to the entrance of the building.
团队把公开辱骂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable obloquy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的公开辱骂。
自言自语,(戏剧)念独白
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
动 自言自语,(戏剧)念独白
▪ The manager decided to soliloquize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前自言自语这个问题。
▪ She will soliloquize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去自言自语这项任务。
▪ They need to soliloquize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要自言自语这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to soliloquize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就自言自语了计划。
说梦话,梦呓
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 说梦话,梦呓
▪ The somniloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
说梦话在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the somniloquy in a safe place after use.
用后请把说梦话放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the somniloquy to the entrance of the building.
团队把说梦话搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable somniloquy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的说梦话。
腹语术,口技(使声音像发自他物)
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 腹语术,口技(使声音像发自他物)
▪ The whole ventriloquism took several hours to complete.
整个腹语术过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper ventriloquism is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的腹语术至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of ventriloquism with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了腹语术的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the ventriloquism.
经理就腹语术写了一份清晰的报告。
腹语表演者,口技艺人
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 腹语表演者,口技艺人
▪ The ventriloquist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位腹语表演者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained ventriloquist knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的腹语表演者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced ventriloquist for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的腹语表演者。
▪ The ventriloquist answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,腹语表演者回答了记者的提问。
(正式的)训话,致辞;(教皇/长官的)正式讲话
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 (正式的)训话,致辞;(教皇/长官的)正式讲话
▪ The whole allocution took several hours to complete.
整个训话过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper allocution is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的训话至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of allocution with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了训话的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the allocution.
经理就训话写了一份清晰的报告。
迂回说法,拐弯抹角;累赘的表达
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 迂回说法,拐弯抹角;累赘的表达
▪ The whole circumlocution took several hours to complete.
整个迂回说法过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper circumlocution is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的迂回说法至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of circumlocution with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了迂回说法的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the circumlocution.
经理就迂回说法写了一份清晰的报告。
演说术,朗诵法;雄辩的吐字发声
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 演说术,朗诵法;雄辩的吐字发声
▪ The whole elocution took several hours to complete.
整个演说术过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper elocution is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的演说术至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of elocution with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了演说术的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the elocution.
经理就演说术写了一份清晰的报告。
演说家,朗诵者;教授演说发声的人
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 演说家,朗诵者;教授演说发声的人
▪ The elocutionist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位演说家比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained elocutionist knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的演说家知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced elocutionist for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的演说家。
▪ The elocutionist answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,演说家回答了记者的提问。
对话者,谈话的对方;(正式)交谈者
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 对话者,谈话的对方;(正式)交谈者
▪ The interlocutor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位对话者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained interlocutor knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的对话者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced interlocutor for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的对话者。
▪ The interlocutor answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,对话者回答了记者的提问。
说话方式,措辞;惯用语,短语
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 说话方式,措辞;惯用语,短语
▪ The whole locution took several hours to complete.
整个说话方式过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper locution is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的说话方式至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of locution with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了说话方式的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the locution.
经理就说话方式写了一份清晰的报告。
对话,交谈
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
名 对话,交谈
▪ The interlocution is widely used in this kind of work.
对话在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the interlocution in a safe place after use.
用后请把对话放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the interlocution to the entrance of the building.
团队把对话搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable interlocution at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的对话。
对话的,对话体的;中间的(诉讼程序进行中临时给予的)
拉丁词根 loqu/locut 派生:loqu/locut
形 对话的,对话体的;中间的(诉讼程序进行中临时给予的)
▪ The new rule will be interlocutory for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是对话的。
▪ They considered the plan interlocutory after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是对话的。
▪ The manager gave a interlocutory answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个对话的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be interlocutory before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是对话的的。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
存疑loquī 的 PIE 来源不明
loquī 与拉丁 loquel 等的更早印欧根无定论(或与 *tōkʷ- 有关)。本页据卡片标 PIE 存疑,不硬挂跨语族。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
拉丁 loquor · loquī · locūtus sum(to speak;PIE 存疑)
│
├─ 现在词干 loqu-:eloquent · eloquence · colloquial · loquacious
├─ 分词词干 locūt-:elocution · locution · circumlocution
└─ solus+loqui:soliloquy
│
├─ 希腊:另作 eipein/agoreuein,不挂
│
└─ 日耳曼:本族「说」作 say/speak
EVIDENCE & METHOD 证据与方法
判定 loqu/locut 同根,靠异态动词双词干。
异态双词干
loqu-/locūt- 由 loquī 给出;eloquent 与 elocution 分承。
qu→/kw/
loqu- 保留 /kw/;-tiō→-tion。
6 词闭环
本页 6 词由 loqu-/locūt- 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · 拉丁 loquāx
loquacis
「话多的」→loquacious
L · 拉丁 colloquium
colloquī
「交谈」;colloquial
一屏速记 · 26 词
形 口语的,会话的,通俗的(非书面/正式的)
构col- / loqu / -ial
例The novel uses a colloquial style
名 雄辩,口才;雄辩术
构e- / loqu / -ence
例Her eloquence moved the audience to tears
形 雄辩的,有口才的;动人的
构e- / loqu / -ent
例She gave an eloquent speech about hope
名 口语词,俗语;口语体
构col- / loqu / -ial / -ism
例The writer loves colorful colloquialisms
形 话多的,饶舌的,健谈的
构loqu / -ac / -ious
例The loquacious guide talked nonstop
名 独白(尤指戏剧中自言自语)
构sol / -i- / loqu / -y
例The famous soliloquy begins with a well-known
名 夸大的言辞,大话,堂皇的说话方式
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole grandiloquence took several hours to complete.
形 言辞夸大的,卖弄辞藻的,说话堂皇的
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The new rule will be grandiloquent for everyone in the group.
名 多话,饶舌;健谈
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole loquacity took several hours to complete.
名 夸张的言辞,豪言壮语,华丽文体
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole magniloquence took several hours to complete.
形 夸张的,说大话的;用词华丽的
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The new rule will be magniloquent for everyone in the group.
名 学术研讨会,专题讨论会;(拉丁原义)会谈
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The colloquium is widely used in this kind of work.
名 (正式的)会谈,对话;(文学)对话体
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The colloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
名 公开辱骂,指责;臭名,耻辱
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The obloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
动 自言自语,(戏剧)念独白
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The manager decided to soliloquize the problem before the meeting.
名 说梦话,梦呓
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The somniloquy is widely used in this kind of work.
名 腹语术,口技(使声音像发自他物)
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole ventriloquism took several hours to complete.
名 腹语表演者,口技艺人
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The ventriloquist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 (正式的)训话,致辞;(教皇/长官的)正式讲话
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole allocution took several hours to complete.
名 迂回说法,拐弯抹角;累赘的表达
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole circumlocution took several hours to complete.
名 演说术,朗诵法;雄辩的吐字发声
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole elocution took several hours to complete.
名 演说家,朗诵者;教授演说发声的人
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The elocutionist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 对话者,谈话的对方;(正式)交谈者
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The interlocutor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 说话方式,措辞;惯用语,短语
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The whole locution took several hours to complete.
名 对话,交谈
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The interlocution is widely used in this kind of work.
形 对话的,对话体的;中间的(诉讼程序进行中临时给予的)
源loqu/locut
构loqu/locut
例The new rule will be interlocutory for everyone in the group.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
loqu/locut 在跨语族的同根字根。
G 篇待补 · 希腊另作 eipein
N 篇待补 · 日耳曼另作 say

