GB 语法 · Haegeman第1章 词库与句子结构
Syntax · S117
习题解答：第1章 Ex6–10
作格交替、词缀改论元、移位句的 θ 指派、被动附加语，以及一道开放题
作格交替形态与论元话题/疑问移位被动
一句话本质：移位不增删论元——疑问词在原位先领到 θ 角色再搬走；被动与作格交替只是论元换了位置，角色账不变。
1Ex5：隐含论元与作格／使役交替
题目：eat 能省宾语（The children are eating.），devour 省不得（*The children are devouring.）。再观察下列成对句：
1a. Mary is cooking dinner. ／ 1b. Dinner is cooking.
2a. Watson opened the door. ／ 2b. The door opened.
4a. Lestrade has arrested the thief. ／ 4b. The thief has been arrested.
6a. Poirot was smelling the envelope. ／ 6b. Your feet smell.
8a. They are closing down the old cinema. ／ 8b. The old cinema is closing down.
10a. The guard marched the prisoners round the yard. ／ 10b. The prisoners marched round the yard.
2a. Watson opened the door. ／ 2b. The door opened.
4a. Lestrade has arrested the thief. ／ 4b. The thief has been arrested.
6a. Poirot was smelling the envelope. ／ 6b. Your feet smell.
8a. They are closing down the old cinema. ／ 8b. The old cinema is closing down.
10a. The guard marched the prisoners round the yard. ／ 10b. The prisoners marched round the yard.
(a) 句是及物使役：施事＋主题。(b) 句施事不再露面，原宾语挪到句首当主语，动词的意思由「促使某事发生」滑向「事情自行出现」——这叫作格／起始交替。open、close、cook、march 都属此类。6 smell 略特殊：后一句是感知动词的主体经验结构。完整解释留到移位理论，本册先认现象。
2Ex6：词缀如何改动词根的论元结构
1a. I understand his position. ／ 1b. His position is understandable.
2a. This coat is too wide. ／ 2b. He has widened the coat.
3a. They arrest the thief. ／ 3b. The thief has been arrested.
5a. He read the letter. ／ 5b. He reread the letter.
2a. This coat is too wide. ／ 2b. He has widened the coat.
3a. They arrest the thief. ／ 3b. The thief has been arrested.
5a. He read the letter. ／ 5b. He reread the letter.
加 -able 后，及物动词改作形容词用，原本的宾语改充主语；-en 让形容词变动词并添出一个使事论元（wide→widen「使变宽」）；re- 不增删论元，只表「再做一遍」。可见形态操作会动手增删论元。
3Ex7：食谱／指令语体为什么老省略
Beat two eggs and leave for three minutes. Add milk… 这类菜谱大量省略主语「你」与宾语，靠语境补出隐含论元。它和 Woolf 日记体同理：语体允许根句论元缺省，但论旨网格本身不变，读的人凭世界知识把缺省成分补回来。
4Ex8：移位句有没有违反 θ 准则
1. Tom, I really don’t like him.
2. Which detective will Holmes invite?
3. Which book do you think Poirot will read first?
4. Which assistant do you think will reveal the secret?
5. The new assistant seems to have revealed the secret.
6. Which files did Poirot keep without opening?
7. 意语：Ho visto Maria. 8. 西语：La vimos a Juan.
9. 法语：Quel livre a-t-il acheté? 10. Quel livre Poirot a-t-il acheté?
2. Which detective will Holmes invite?
3. Which book do you think Poirot will read first?
4. Which assistant do you think will reveal the secret?
5. The new assistant seems to have revealed the secret.
6. Which files did Poirot keep without opening?
7. 意语：Ho visto Maria. 8. 西语：La vimos a Juan.
9. 法语：Quel livre a-t-il acheté? 10. Quel livre Poirot a-t-il acheté?
1. Tom 是话题化的宾语，后头 him 复指，各论元仍各得一角色。2–6 是疑问词移位：疑问词先在原位领角色，再搬到句首，论元不增不减。7–10 展示多语对照：西语 La vimos a Juan 里宾格代词复指 Juan；法语那个赘音 t-il 只是主谓颠倒时的形态包装，背后不单列角色账。全部不违反 θ 准则。
5Ex9：被动句与施事导向附加语
1. Poirot bought the pigs. 2. The pigs were bought by Poirot.
3. Poirot bought the pigs deliberately. 4. Poirot bought the pigs to annoy his mother.
5. *Poirot liked England deliberately. 6. *Poirot liked England in order to annoy his mother.
1a. The enemy sank the ship deliberately. 1b. The ship was sunk by the enemy deliberately.
2a. We sold the books to raise money. 2d. These books sell well. 2e. *These books sell well to raise money.
3. Poirot bought the pigs deliberately. 4. Poirot bought the pigs to annoy his mother.
5. *Poirot liked England deliberately. 6. *Poirot liked England in order to annoy his mother.
1a. The enemy sank the ship deliberately. 1b. The ship was sunk by the enemy deliberately.
2a. We sold the books to raise money. 2d. These books sell well. 2e. *These books sell well to raise money.
deliberately、in order to annoy 这类附加语要求句中存在一个可控施事。like 是心理状态动词，没有施事，故 5、6 病句；sell well 是中动结构，同样没有施事，故 2e 加目的状语也崩。被动句 by Poirot 把施事放回介词组，附加语就能挂上去。（被动的树形分析留到后续章。）
6Ex10：到底有没有「宾语虚词」
1. I consider it likely that Lucy will not leave.
2. I thought it odd that she should have gone out in the rain.
3a. 意语：Ritengo probabile che Maria resti. 3b. (Ciò) è strano che Maria sia venuta.
4a. 法语：Je trouve bizarre qu’elle soit là. 4b. Il est étrange qu’elle soit là.
2. I thought it odd that she should have gone out in the rain.
3a. 意语：Ritengo probabile che Maria resti. 3b. (Ciò) è strano che Maria sia venuta.
4a. 法语：Je trouve bizarre qu’elle soit là. 4b. Il est étrange qu’elle soit là.
正方（有宾语虚词）：1、2 里 it 站在动词后小句位，真正的论元是后头 that 从句，it 像外移在宾语位置的翻版。
反方（没有）：1、2 其实是小句 consider [it likely [that…]]，it 是形容词 likely 的逻辑主语，并非纯占位；而且意语、法语这类虚词的出没规律，跟英语定式句的主语虚词并不重合。
结论：说到底，这道题在 GB 里至今没有公论——占位代词究竟算不算占着论元位，没法拍脑袋定案，只能交给多语料对质。借它体会：理论问题的答案常常不是背出来的。
Noscit 词源研习 · GB 语法专栏 · S117
