用核查术语解释下列句子为何错,其中 (id) 假设 she 喜欢她自己,she 从宾语位 A-移到主语位:(i) a. *Her likes he. b. *John doesn’t expect she to leave. c. *It was believed her to be tall. d. *She likes.
参考解答
(a) *Her likes he:likes 是及物动词,只核查宾格。主语位由限定 Infl 核查主格。句首 Her 带宾格、却处在应被 Infl 查主格的 Spec,IP 位——主/宾格错配;句尾 he 带主格、却处在 likes 应查宾格的宾语位——又一次错配。两处核查都失败。
(b) *John doesn’t expect she to leave:不定式 to leave 的主语 she 带主格,但嵌入式非限定 Infl 不是格核查者,主句 expect 又不核查嵌入式主语的格;she 的主格特征无人匹配,格过滤在 LF 违反。(正解应为 …expect her to leave,her 宾格由 expect 核查。)
(c) *It was believed her to be tall:被动分词 believed 不核查宾格;虚主语 it 也不核查格。her 带宾格却无核查者,格特征悬空,LF 崩溃。
主谓一致怎么运作?两说:①DP 把一致特征指派给限定 V;②DP 去核查限定 V 的一致特征。讨论:a. The men are/*is here. b. There are/*is a man here.
参考解答
指派观:复数 DP the men 把[复数]特征传给 Infl/V,故 are;there 句里 a man 是单数,一致却由后置逻辑主语决定,须额外假设 there 与 a man 组成 CHAIN、格/一致特征「传递」到 there,技术装置较重。
核查观:Infl 自身带[数]特征(强,须显性核查)。(a) the men 带[复数],移到 Spec,IP 与 Infl[复数] 匹配 → are;(b) 后置逻辑主语 a man 在 LF 隐性提升/关联到 Infl,其[单数]与 Infl 匹配 → is;若用 are 则与 a man 数特征错配。核查观无需「特征传递」,更简约,且把一致与格核查统一为同一「特征匹配」操作。MP 倾向核查观。
Exercise 2.3(书页 37):himself 歧义与 wh 移位单位
原题
(i) 中 himself 可指主句或嵌入式主语(歧义);(ii) 只能指嵌入式主语。讨论「隐性 wh 移整个 wh-phrase」与「只移 wh 词头」两说如何捕捉该不对称。
(i) [which picture of himself_i/k]_m did Bill_k say John_m liked t_m?
(ii) [who_k said John_m liked [which picture of himself_{i,k}]]?
参考解答
整句移位说:(i) 显性移出的是整个 [which picture of himself],himself 在移位后的短语里可被 Bill 或 John 约束(都在其局部域内),故歧义;(ii) 若 LF 上把整个 [which picture of himself] 一并移到句首,himself 同样可被两主语约束,预测不出(ii) 只能指嵌入式 John 的不对称。
只移 wh 词头说:隐性移位只挪 which,把 [picture of himself] 留在原位。(i) 显性移位已把整个短语带到句首,himself 位置在句首,可被 Bill/John 约束→歧义;(ii) LF 上只移 which,picture of himself 留在 John liked 的宾语原位,himself 被离它最近的 John 约束,无法指 Bill——正好解释不对称。结论:只移wh 词头说更优,且无需 SS。
Exercise 2.4(书页 37):ECP 与 overt/covert wh
原题
设 ECP 成立,下列数据如何为「wh 显性 vs 隐性移位」之争提供证据?
(i) Which man said that which events were in the park? (ii) *Which event did you say that was in the park? (iii) *Who said that what was in the park?
(i) DS: [ Δ was persuaded John_persuadee [ PRO_kisser to kiss Mary_kisse ] ]——persuadee 是 John,PRO 受控于 John,John 从 persuadee 位被动移到句首。
(ii) DS: [ Δ was expected [ John_kisser to kiss Mary_kisse ] ]——expected 不指派外部 θ,John 在嵌入式主语位 Merge 时得 kisser θ,再被动提升到句首。
独立证据:persuade 可带显性宾语(I persuaded John to leave),expect 一般不(*I expected John to leave 的主语题元读法弱);persuade 句可插宾语(we persuaded/*expected John that…)。TRAP 重述:(i) 中 persuadee θ 在 John 与 persuaded Merge 时指派,故 John 不能纯靠 Move 进来;(ii) John 只在与嵌入式 kiss Merge 时得 kisser θ,提升不再加 θ。区分依然成立,无需 DS。
Ex2.8(i):persuade 是控制类,嵌入式主语 PRO 受控于 John(两个 Merge 得 θ 位)
(i) I greeted John and Mary. (ii) John and Mary greeted me.
参考解答
(i) I greeted John and Mary:宾语是并列 DP [John and Mary]。须先在 VP 内 Merge 出 [DP John and Mary] 这个 treelet,再与 greeted 合并——因为 greeted 选择的宾语是一个并列短语,不能把 John、Mary 分别直接挂到 greeted 下。推导中途存在 [I … greeted] 与 [John and Mary] 两个根 treelet,最后并根。
(ii) John and Mary greeted me:并列 DP [John and Mary] 是主语。须先 Merge 出 [DP John and Mary],再与 [I′ greeted me] 并根成 IP。两句都因并列短语本身是一个须先成的 treelet 而必须中途保留两个根对象。区别:(i) 并列短语在宾语位,(ii) 在主语位;Extension 只要求并根时靶根对象,不限定并列短语在题元位。
Ex2.11(ii):[DP John and Mary] 先成 treelet,再与 [I′ greeted me] 并根
(i) a. John said that Peter loves Mary. b. Peter loves Mary. (ii) a. John loves Mary. b. Mary loves John.
参考解答
(i):N = { John₁, said₁, that₁, Peter₁, loves₁, Mary₁ }。(a) 全用完;(b) Peter loves Mary 只用其中子集——但若规定推导须耗尽 N,则 (b) 其实另用一个更小 N。原题意应理解为:核查观下词项格/一致特征固定,(i) 两句的词项选择能在不同 N 下自然得到。(ii) John loves Mary 与 Mary loves John 用同一组词(John、Mary、loves),但施事/受事题元不同:loves 的施事 Merge 为主语、受事 Merge 为宾语。同一 N 里 John、Mary 各一,Merge 顺序决定谁是施事;若系统可任选 Merge 顺序,同 N 会推出两种题元配置,这是不允许的——题元关系由 Merge 顺序/结构位置固定,故 (ii) 两句须靠不同词项顺序(不同派生历史),不能简单由同一推导自由反转。
(i) *Which man said he_i liked which picture that Harry_j bought? (iia) LF: *[CP which man_m [ which picture that Harry_j ]_m … he_i … t_m …] (iib) LF: [CP which picture that Harry_j bought ]_m [ which man ]_m … he_i … t_m …]