LATIN ROOT · L104 · 拉丁字根
sacr / sanct神圣 · 祭献
PIE root *sh₂k-「to sanctify, holy」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
sacer 是拉丁形容词「神圣的」;其派生 sacrāre「祭献」与 sānctus「神圣不可犯」给英语这一族。
*sh₂k- → Latin sacer「holy」,派生 sacrāre、sānctus
sacer / sacr-
sacred · sacrifice · sanctuary · sanction · saint · consecrate(详见本页)
无同形希腊借词
—
希腊「神圣」另属 hieros(G021)
日耳曼无此根本族词
—
英语本族 holy 另属 *kailo-
sacrificium=sacer+facere「作祭」→sacrifice;sanctus 经古法 saint。
词根的三性主格 ADJECTIVE · MASCULINE · FEMININE · NEUTER
sacer 是第二/三类混合形容词,三性主格给出词干 sacr-。
阳性主格
sacer
神圣的(m)
sacred · sacrifice
阴性主格
sacra
神圣的(f)
sacred(同形借入)
中性主格/词干
sacrum / sacr-
中性 n;词干 sacr-
sanctuary · sanction · saint
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 sacer 到现代英语各词,关键形态—语音调整。
①sacrātus→sacred
拉丁 sacrātus→sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/。
②sacrificium→sacrifice
拉丁 sacrificium→sacrifice /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/。
③sānctus→saint
拉丁 sānctus 经古法 saint,作 saint /seɪnt/。
④sanctus→sanction
拉丁 sanctiō→sanction /ˈsæŋkʃn/。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
sacer, sacri 是形容词;动词 sacrāre「祭献」派生 sacred/sacrifice;sanctus「神圣」派生 sanction/saint。
阳性主格
sacer
神圣的
属格
sacrī
神圣的
派生
sacrāre
使圣、祭献
派生
sānctus
神圣不可犯
形容词变格 · sacer(第三变格形容词)
| 格 | m/f | n |
|---|---|---|
| 主格 Nom | sacer | sacrum |
| 属格 Gen | sacrī | sacrī |
| 与格 Dat | sacrō | sacrō |
| 宾格 Acc | sacrum/sacram | sacrum |
| 夺格 Abl | sacrō | sacrō |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| sacred | sacrātus | sacre | 14 世纪 |
| sacrifice | sacrificium | sacrifice | 13 世纪 |
| saint | sānctus | saint | 12 世纪 |
| sanction | sanctiō | sanction | 15 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① sacrifice=sacer+facere「作祭」→献祭;② sanctuary=sanctus+-arium「圣地」;③ sanction 原「神圣裁决」→批准/制裁双义。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
sacer 核心是「神圣」,向「祭献」「圣地」「批准/制裁」引申。
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com- 彻底;一起
拉丁 consecrare「使成圣、奉献」=con-(com- 加强)+sacrare「使神圣」,分词 consecratus。
动 奉为神圣、献祭;(正式)就任(主教)
▪ The bishop consecrated the new church.
主教祝圣了这座新教堂。
▪ They consecrated the ground to the dead.
他们把这片土地献祭给逝者。
▪ She consecrated her life to medicine.
她把一生奉献给医学。
▪ The ritual consecrated the bread.
仪式把面包圣化。
神圣,sacrare;-mentum 手段
拉丁 sacramentum「神圣誓约、神圣仪式」<sacrare「使神圣」;教会拉丁中指「圣事、奥秘」。
名 圣事、圣礼(如洗礼/圣餐);神圣誓言
▪ Baptism is an important sacrament.
洗礼是重要的圣事。
▪ The couple received the sacrament.
这对伴侣领受了圣礼。
▪ They exchanged vows as a sacred sacrament.
他们以神圣誓言互换承诺。
▪ The priest administered the sacrament.
神父主持了圣礼。
sacer 神圣;-ātus 分词形
拉丁 sacer「神圣的、被奉为禁忌的」派生 sacrare「使神圣」,过去分词经古法语 sacrer>中古英语 sacred。
形 神圣的、宗教上的;不可侵犯的
▪ The temple is a sacred place.
这座寺庙是神圣之地。
▪ They held the tradition sacred.
他们视这一传统为不可侵犯。
▪ The sacred fire burned all night.
圣火彻夜燃烧。
▪ Freedom is sacred to them.
自由对他们而言神圣不可侵犯。
sacer 神圣;facere 做
拉丁 sacrificium「神圣的仪式、祭献」=sacri-(sacer 神圣)+facere「做、使」,「为神而做的事」。
名 献祭、祭品 动 牺牲 动 舍弃
▪ They offered a sacrifice to the gods.
他们向神明献祭。
▪ She made many sacrifices for her children.
她为子女做出许多牺牲。
▪ He sacrificed his free time to help.
他牺牲空闲时间来帮忙。
▪ The sacrifice of the hero inspired them.
这位英雄的牺牲激励了他们。
sanctus 圣,法语磨损形
古法语 saint<拉丁 sanctus「神圣的」,sancīre「奉为神圣、立为不可犯」的过去分词。
名 圣人、圣徒;(大写 St.)圣…;adj. 神圣的
▪ The saint helped the poor.
这位圣人帮助穷人。
▪ They named the church saint Mary.
他们把教堂命名为圣玛丽。
▪ She was a saint of a nurse.
她是个像圣人一样的护士。
▪ The day of the saint falls in June.
这位圣徒的纪念日在六月。
sanctus 敕令封圣;-iō 法令
拉丁 sanctiō(n-)「神圣敕令、不可违的法令」<sancīre「奉为神圣、以法令确立」。
名 批准、认可;制裁(常复);v. 批准、认可
▪ The committee gave its sanction.
委员会给予了批准。
▪ Nations imposed sanctions on the regime.
各国对该政权实施制裁。
▪ The law sanctioned the new policy.
法律认可了这项新政策。
▪ They faced trade sanctions.
他们面临贸易制裁。
圣,sanctus;-ārium 场所
晚期拉丁 sanctuārium「圣地、圣物存放处」<sanctus「神圣的」(sancīre)。
名 圣所、圣殿;避难所、保护区
衍
sanctum n 圣所,内殿;私室,禁地
▪ The cat found sanctuary under the bed.
猫在床下找到了庇护所。
▪ The temple served as a sanctuary.
这座寺庙是一处圣所。
▪ They built a bird sanctuary.
他们建了一处鸟类保护区。
▪ The asylum gave sanctuary to refugees.
庇护所收留了难民。
使圣;-ātiō 动作名词
consecrate(祝圣)的名词形<consecrātiō(con-+sacrare)。
名 祝圣、献祭、奉为神圣
▪ The consecration took place at dawn.
祝圣仪式在黎明举行。
▪ The consecration of the bishop drew crowds.
主教的就任仪式吸引了人群。
▪ They attended the consecration of the church.
他们参加了教堂的祝圣典礼。
▪ The consecration ceremony was solemn.
献祭典礼庄严肃穆。
神圣;-ālis …的
晚期拉丁 sacramentālis「属于圣事的」<sacramentum(sacrare)。
形 圣事的、圣礼的;极其神圣的
▪ The wine has a sacramental meaning.
这葡萄酒具有圣事意义。
▪ They followed sacramental rules.
他们遵守圣礼的规矩。
▪ The bread was treated as sacramental.
面包被视为神圣之物。
▪ The rite is deeply sacramental.
这一仪式极具神圣性。
神圣
sacred(神圣的)+-ness(性质名词)。
名 神圣、庄严、不可侵犯
▪ They felt the sacredness of the moment.
他们感受到这一刻的庄严。
▪ The law protects the sacredness of life.
法律保护生命的神圣。
▪ The sacredness of the vow moved them.
誓言的神圣打动了他们。
▪ She spoke of the sacredness of nature.
她谈到自然的不可侵犯。
神圣;做
晚期拉丁 sacrificiālis「属于祭献的」<sacrificium(sacer+facere)。
形 献祭的、牺牲的
▪ The priest prepared a sacrificial offering.
祭司准备了祭品。
▪ She made a sacrificial choice.
她做出了牺牲性的选择。
▪ The sacrificial altar stood in the court.
祭坛立在庭院中。
▪ Their love was sacrificial.
他们的爱是牺牲式的。
圣;像…的
saint(圣徒)+-ly(-līc 像…的,形容词后缀)。
形 圣徒般的、圣洁的、品德高尚的
▪ The old nun had a saintly manner.
这位老修女有着圣洁的举止。
▪ His saintly patience amazed us.
他圣徒般的耐心令我们惊叹。
▪ She led a saintly life.
她过着品德高尚的生活。
▪ The saintly doctor served the poor.
这位圣洁的医生为穷人服务。
圣,sanctus;-itās 性质名词
拉丁 sanctitās「神圣、圣洁」<sanctus「神圣的」(sancīre)+-itās。
名 神圣、庄严、不可侵犯性
▪ They believed in the sanctity of marriage.
他们相信婚姻的神圣。
▪ The judge guarded the sanctity of law.
法官维护法律的庄严。
▪ The sanctity of the place was felt by all.
所有人都感受到这地方的神圣。
▪ The treaty affirms the sanctity of borders.
条约确认边界不可侵犯。
亵渎、不敬地对待(圣物/圣地)
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
动 亵渎、不敬地对待(圣物/圣地)
▪ The manager decided to desecrate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前亵渎这个问题。
▪ She will desecrate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去亵渎这项任务。
▪ They need to desecrate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要亵渎这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to desecrate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就亵渎了计划。
亵渎、污辱圣物
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
名 亵渎、污辱圣物
▪ The whole desecration took several hours to complete.
整个亵渎过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper desecration is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的亵渎至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of desecration with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了亵渎的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the desecration.
经理就亵渎写了一份清晰的报告。
极坏的、可恶的、糟透的
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
形 极坏的、可恶的、糟透的
▪ The new rule will be execrable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是极坏的。
▪ They considered the plan execrable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是极坏的。
▪ The manager gave a execrable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个极坏的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be execrable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是极坏的的。
憎恶、痛骂;诅咒、念咒驱逐
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
动 憎恶、痛骂;诅咒、念咒驱逐
▪ The manager decided to execrate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前憎恶这个问题。
▪ She will execrate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去憎恶这项任务。
▪ They need to execrate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要憎恶这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to execrate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就憎恶了计划。
解剖】骶骨的;神圣的、祭祀的
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
形 解剖】骶骨的;神圣的、祭祀的
▪ The new rule will be sacral for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是解剖】骶骨的。
▪ They considered the plan sacral after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是解剖】骶骨的。
▪ The manager gave a sacral answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个解剖】骶骨的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be sacral before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是解剖】骶骨的的。
至圣不可侵犯的、不容置疑的
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
形 至圣不可侵犯的、不容置疑的
▪ The new rule will be sacrosanct for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是至圣不可侵犯的。
▪ They considered the plan sacrosanct after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是至圣不可侵犯的。
▪ The manager gave a sacrosanct answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个至圣不可侵犯的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be sacrosanct before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是至圣不可侵犯的的。
解剖】骶骨
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
名 解剖】骶骨
▪ The sacrum is widely used in this kind of work.
解剖】骶骨在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the sacrum in a safe place after use.
用后请把解剖】骶骨放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the sacrum to the entrance of the building.
团队把解剖】骶骨搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable sacrum at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的解剖】骶骨。
圣徒身份、圣徒品位;圣徒(总称)
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
名 圣徒身份、圣徒品位;圣徒(总称)
▪ The sainthood arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位圣徒身份比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained sainthood knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的圣徒身份知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced sainthood for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的圣徒身份。
▪ The sainthood answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,圣徒身份回答了记者的提问。
成圣、神圣化、净化
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
名 成圣、神圣化、净化
▪ The whole sanctification took several hours to complete.
整个成圣过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper sanctification is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的成圣至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of sanctification with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了成圣的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the sanctification.
经理就成圣写了一份清晰的报告。
使神圣、使圣洁、奉为正当
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
动 使神圣、使圣洁、奉为正当
▪ The manager decided to sanctify the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使神圣这个问题。
▪ She will sanctify the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使神圣这项任务。
▪ They need to sanctify the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使神圣这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to sanctify the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使神圣了计划。
假装圣洁的、伪善的、道貌岸然的
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:sacr/sanct
形 假装圣洁的、伪善的、道貌岸然的
▪ The new rule will be sanctimonious for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是假装圣洁的。
▪ They considered the plan sanctimonious after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是假装圣洁的。
▪ The manager gave a sanctimonious answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个假装圣洁的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be sanctimonious before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是假装圣洁的的。
ion
憎恶,诅咒,被诅咒之人或物
拉丁词根 sacr/sanct 派生:execrat + ion
名 憎恶,诅咒,被诅咒之人或物
▪ The execration is widely used in this kind of work.
憎恶在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the execration in a safe place after use.
用后请把憎恶放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the execration to the entrance of the building.
团队把憎恶搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable execration at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的憎恶。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
sanction 双义:批准/制裁
拉丁 sanctiō「神圣裁决」在英语里同时表「批准」与「制裁」,是同形反义词。
saint 是 sanctus 的古法形
拉丁 sānctus「神圣者」经古法 saint,作「圣人」;故 saint 与 sanctify 同根。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *sh₂k-(to sanctify, holy)
│
└─ 拉丁 sacer · sacrī(形容词)
├─ sacr-:sacred · sacrifice · sanctuary · consecrate
└─ sanctus:sanction · saint · sanctify · sanctuary
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 sacr-/sanct- 同族,sacer→sacrare/sanctus 派生是关键。
sacr-/sanct-
sacred/sacrifice 用 sacr-,sanction/saint 用 sanct-。
sānctus→saint
经古法 -nct-→-int。
闭环
本页词皆由 sacr-+-ify/-ium 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · 拉丁 sacer(神圣)
sacr-/sanct-
sacred · sacrifice · sanctuary · sanction · saint
G · 希腊 hieros(神圣)
hier-
希腊「神圣」另属 hieros(hierarchy),与 sacer 不同根
一屏速记 · 25 词
动奉为神圣、献祭;(正式)就任(主教)
构con-+secr+-ate
例the bishop consecrated the new church
名圣事、圣礼(如洗礼/圣餐);神圣誓言
构sacr+-ment
例baptism is an important sacrament
形神圣的、宗教上的;不可侵犯的
构sacr+-ed
例the temple is a sacred place
名献祭、祭品;动牺牲;动舍弃
构sacri+fic+-e。
例they offered a sacrifice to the gods
名圣人、圣徒;(大写 St.)圣…;adj. 神圣的
构saint
例the saint helped the poor
名批准、认可;制裁(常复);v. 批准、认可
构sanct+-ion
例the committee gave its sanction
名圣所、圣殿;避难所、保护区
构sanct+-u-+-ary
例the cat found sanctuary under the bed
名祝圣、献祭、奉为神圣
构con-+secr+-ation
例the consecration took place at dawn
形圣事的、圣礼的;极其神圣的
构sacr+-ment+-al
例the wine has a sacramental meaning
名神圣、庄严、不可侵犯
构sacr+-ed+-ness。
例they felt the sacredness of the moment
形献祭的、牺牲的
构sacri+fic+-ial
例the priest prepared a sacrificial offering
形圣徒般的、圣洁的、品德高尚的
构saint+-ly
例the old nun had a saintly manner
名神圣、庄严、不可侵犯性
构sanct+-ity
例they believed in the sanctity of marriage
动 亵渎、不敬地对待(圣物/圣地)
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The manager decided to desecrate the problem before the meeting.
名 亵渎、污辱圣物
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The whole desecration took several hours to complete.
形 极坏的、可恶的、糟透的
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The new rule will be execrable for everyone in the group.
动 憎恶、痛骂;诅咒、念咒驱逐
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The manager decided to execrate the problem before the meeting.
形 解剖】骶骨的;神圣的、祭祀的
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The new rule will be sacral for everyone in the group.
形 至圣不可侵犯的、不容置疑的
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The new rule will be sacrosanct for everyone in the group.
名 解剖】骶骨
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The sacrum is widely used in this kind of work.
名 圣徒身份、圣徒品位;圣徒(总称)
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The sainthood arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 成圣、神圣化、净化
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The whole sanctification took several hours to complete.
动 使神圣、使圣洁、奉为正当
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The manager decided to sanctify the problem before the meeting.
形 假装圣洁的、伪善的、道貌岸然的
源sacr/sanct
构sacr/sanct
例The new rule will be sanctimonious for everyone in the group.
名 憎恶,诅咒,被诅咒之人或物
源execrat + ion
构execrat + ion
例The execration is widely used in this kind of work.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
sacr/sanct 为拉丁本族根,无已确认独立 G/N 页。
G 篇待补 · hieros(神圣,不同根)
N 篇待补 · —

