MP 刷题 · Radford Minimalist Syntax

Syntax · S304

Workbook 逐题解答（编者参考意见）

声明：原书 Workbook 这些题本身不附标准答案（仅给了少量 model answer），以下为编者依据正文论证给出的参考思路，供自学对照，不代表 Radford 本人立场。病句错因与修法均按本册框架标注。

1Exercise 3.1 二元合并推导 + 并列/替代证据 + 前置判断

题干（原书页98）：Discuss the derivation of the following sentences, showing how their structure is built up in a pairwise fashion by successive binary merger operations. Show how evidence from coordination and pronoun substitution can be used in support, and say which constituents can (and cannot) be preposed—and why.

1 He has become very fond of Mary.
2 She must be quite pleased to see you.
3 He may need to ask for help.
4 They are expecting to hear from you.
5 You should try to talk to the president.
6 Inflation is threatening to undermine the growth of the economy.
7 Nobody could believe that Sam was working for the government.
8 He may refuse to admit that he was defrauding the company.

原书八句

提示：自底向上，先合最后两个词，再把结果与倒数第三个词合并……但含 phrasal specifier 的句子（1、2、5、16等）这套简单程序要修。

题1 He has become very fond of Mary（原书给了 model answer）

推导（自底向上逐次二元合并）：① of + Mary → PP of Mary；② fond + PP of Mary → A′ fond of Mary；③ very + A′ fond of Mary → AP very fond of Mary；④ become + AP very fond of Mary → VP become very fond of Mary（AP 是 become 的补语）；⑤ has + VP become very fond of Mary → T′ has become very fond of Mary；⑥ he + T′ → TP He has become very fond of Mary（he 作 [Spec,TP]）。

He has become very fond of Mary（依原书 model answer (vi)）

并列证据：[of Mary] and [of her sister]、[fond of Mary] and [proud of her achievements]、[very fond of Mary] and [less fond of her sister]、[become very fond of Mary] and [grown used to her mother]、[has become very fond of Mary] and [is hoping to marry her] 都合法——分别证明 PP、A′、AP、VP、T′ 是成分。

替代证据：very fond of Mary 可作 so 的先行词（He is apparently very fond of Mary, though nobody expected him to become so）；become very fond of Mary 可作 which 先行词。

前置判断：Mary 是最大投射（DP），可前置 *?Mary, he has…（可疑，因为 Mary 语义内容少）；of Mary 是 PP（最大投射）但语义内容弱，前置稍怪；fond of Mary 是 A′（中间投射），不能前置（*Fond of Mary, he…）；very fond of Mary 是 AP（最大投射），可前置（Very fond of Mary, he…）；become very fond of Mary 是 VP（最大投射），可前置（Become very fond of Mary, he certainly has）；整句 T′/TP 不可前置。

题2 She must be quite pleased to see you

推导：① see + you → VP see you；② to + VP see you → TP to see you；③ pleased + TP to see you → A′ pleased to see you；④ quite + A′ → AP quite pleased to see you；⑤ be + AP → VP be quite pleased…；⑥ must + VP → T′；⑦ she + T′ → TP。

结构要点：pleased 是形容词，选择 TP to see you 作补语；quite 是 AP 的指示语。前置：quite pleased to see you（AP，最大投射）可前置（Quite pleased to see you, she must be）；pleased to see you（A′）不可。替代：quite pleased… 可被 so 替代。

题3 He may need to ask for help

推导：① for + help → PP for help；② ask + PP → VP ask for help；③ to + VP ask for help → TP to ask for help；④ need + TP → VP need to ask for help；⑤ may + VP → T′；⑥ he + T′ → TP。

结构要点：need 选择不定式 TP 作补语；ask 选择 PP for help 作补语。并列：[to ask for help] and [to seek advice]。前置：ask for help（VP）、to ask for help（TP）中只有最大投射可前置；for help（PP）语义弱一般不前置。

题4 They are expecting to hear from you

推导：① from + you → PP from you；② hear + PP → VP hear from you；③ to + VP → TP to hear from you；④ expecting + TP → VP expecting to hear from you；⑤ are + VP → T′；⑥ they + T′ → TP。

expect 选不定式 TP 补语；hear 选 PP from you。前置：to hear from you（TP）能否前置存疑（FHC/语义内容不足）；expecting to hear from you（VP）可前置。

题5 You should try to talk to the president

推导：① to + the president → PP to the president（to 是介词）；② talk + PP → VP talk to the president；③ to + VP → TP to talk to the president；④ try + TP → VP try to talk to the president；⑤ should + VP → T′；⑥ you + T′ → TP。

注意句里有两个 to：句末 to 是介词（选 DP the president），句中 to 是不定式标记（T）。前置：talk to the president（VP）、try to talk to the president（VP）可前置；to the president（PP）可前置。

题6 Inflation is threatening to undermine the growth of the economy

推导：① of + the economy → PP of the economy；② the + economy → DP the economy；③ the growth + PP of the economy → NP（N′ growth of the economy，再与 the 合成 DP）；④ undermine + DP → VP undermine…；⑤ to + VP → TP；⑥ threatening + TP → VP；⑦ is + VP → T′；⑧ inflation（DP，空 D）+ T′ → TP。

结构要点：the growth of the economy 是 DP：D the + N′（N growth + PP of the economy）。并列：[the growth of the economy] and [the decline of the country]。前置：to undermine the growth of the economy 是 TP，前置受 FHC/语义内容限制。

题7 Nobody could believe that Sam was working for the government

推导：① for + the government → PP for the government；② working + PP → VP working for the government；③ was + VP → T′；④ Sam + T′ → TP Sam was working…；⑤ that + TP → CP that Sam was working…；⑥ believe + CP → VP believe…；⑦ could + VP → T′；⑧ nobody + T′ → TP。

结构要点：believe 选择 CP 补语（标句词 that）。这是本册第一次出现 CP：that 是 C，选 TP。前置：that Sam was working…（CP，最大投射）可前置；for the government（PP）可前置。替代：believe it 类。

题8 He may refuse to admit that he was defrauding the company

推导：嵌套两层不定式/从句。① defrauding + the company → VP；② was + VP → T′；③ he + T′ → TP；④ that + TP → CP；⑤ admit + CP → VP admit that…；⑥ to + VP → TP to admit…；⑦ refuse + TP → VP refuse to…；⑧ may + VP → T′；⑨ he + T′ → TP。

refuse 选不定式 TP 补语；admit 选 CP 补语。前置：that he was defrauding the company（CP）可前置。

2Exercise 3.2 约束三原则与极性词

题干（原书页101-103）：用 Binding Principles A/B/C 讨论 1–6 句中 John、him、himself 的约束性质并画树；再用 c-command 解释 7–22 极性词（any/anyone/nothing）的合法与否。假设局部域＝TP。

Binding Principles：A 照应语须在局部域内被 c-command 的先行语约束；B 代词不得在局部域内被约束；C 指称语不得被任何 c-command 它的成分同指。

(i)

题1 The rumours about Fred upset him / *…upset himself

1a The rumours about Fred have upset him. 1b *The rumours about Fred have upset himself.

The rumours about Fred have upset him（原书 model answer (i)）

1a 合法：him 是代词，受 Principle B 约束——它不得在局部 TP 内被 c-command。Fred 在 PP about Fred 里，被介词 about 挡住，不 c-command him；故 him 可指 Fred（句外另指也可）。1b 病句：himself 是照应语，须被局部 c-command 的先行语约束；Fred 不 c-command himself（中间隔了 PP），无合法先行语，故 *。

题2 The rumours about him upset Fred / *…about himself upset Fred

2a 合法：Fred 是指称语（Principle C）；him 在 PP about him 里，him c-command Fred 吗？不——him 被 about 挡住，不 c-command Fred，故 Fred 可与 him 异指，不违反 C。2b 病句：*The rumours about himself… 的 himself 需要一个 c-command 它的先行语，但句中唯一可能的 Fred 在 VP 里，位置低于 himself，不 c-command 它，照应语无先行语。

题3 John must feel that Fred has disgraced himself / *…that himself has disgraced Fred

3a 合法：himself 在补语从句 [that Fred has disgraced himself] 内，Fred 在该从句 TP 里 c-command himself，满足 Principle A（局部域＝该从句 TP）。John 在主句，离得太远，不算局部先行语。3b 病句：*himself has disgraced Fred——himself 作从句主语，从句内没有任何成分 c-command 它（主语之上没有兄弟节点包含先行语），无局部先行语。

题4 John must feel that he has disgraced Fred / …that Fred has disgraced him

两句都合法。4a：he 在从句内，局部 TP 内没有 c-command he 的指称成分（Fred 在 he 后面/下方），故 he 不受局部约束，可指 John（主句，跨 TP，不受 Principle B 局部限制）。4b：him 在从句内，Fred c-command him——但 Principle B 只禁止 him 被同一局部 TP 内成分约束吗？这里 Fred 与 him 在同一从句 TP 内，Fred c-command him。表面看违反 B？关键：Radford 假定局部域是包含主语的最小 TP，Fred 是从句主语、him 是从句宾语，二者同句——按严格 B 应 *。但原书把 4b 列为合法，说明 B 的局部域判定/指称解读允许 him 指 Fred 或句外其他人；编者意见：以原书判定为准，4b 合法，him 可指 John 或句外人物（Fred 作主语，him 作宾语，二者同句同指在英语里其实接受度高，B 的「局部」按主语-宾语互补处理时这里 him 不被「与主语同标」禁止，因为 him 不是从句主语位置）。

题5 John may wonder if the rumours about Fred will affect him / …about him will affect Fred

两句都合法。5a：him 在 wonder 的 if-从句里，Fred 在 PP about Fred 里被介词挡住，不 c-command him；him 可指 John 或 Fred 或句外人。5b：Fred 是指称语（C），him 在 PP about him 里不 c-command Fred，故 Fred 不被 him 同指，合法。

题6 John may suspect that Fred has taken some pictures of him / …of himself

6a：him 在 PP of him 里，Fred（从句主语）c-command him；按 Principle B，him 不得在局部从句内被约束——Fred 是从句主语，him 是从句内宾语的一部分，B 要求 him 不在该局部域被约束，故 him 不能指 Fred，只能指 John 或句外人。6b：himself 需要局部 c-command 先行语，Fred 在从句内 c-command himself，满足 A，故 himself 指 Fred。对比 6a/6b 正好演示 B 与 A 的互补分布。

题	c-command / 约束判定	结果
1	Fred 不 c-command him；himself 无先行语	a 合法 / b 病句
2	him 不 c-command Fred；himself 无先行语	a 合法 / b 病句
3	从句 Fred c-command himself；主语位 himself 无先行语	a 合法 / b 病句
4	he/him 跨句解读，受 B/C 限制	两句皆合法
5	Fred 不被 PP 内 him 同指	两句皆合法
6	him 不指 Fred(B)；himself 指 Fred(A)	两句皆合法

表3-2b 约束题 1–6 判定汇总

极性词 7–22：c-command 条件

极性词（any/anyone/nothing/lift a finger）必须被一个触发词（negative/interrogative/conditional affective）不对称 c-command（asymmetric c-command：X c-command Y 但 Y 不 c-command X）。

例句	合法?	c-command 解释
7 You mustn’t talk to anyone	合法	否定助动词 mustn’t 在 T 位，不对称 c-command VP 内的 anyone
8 Nobody need do anything	合法	否定主语 Nobody 在 [Spec,TP]，c-command 句末 anything
9 Who dare blame anyone?	合法	疑问词 Who 是疑问触发词，c-command anyone
10 She has refused to sign anything	合法	负谓动词 refuse（隐含否定）c-command anything
11 She should know if anyone…	合法	if 条件触发词 c-command anyone/any
12 I don’t think that anyone dare lift a finger	合法	否定 n’t c-command anyone（否定提升）
13 He may have no desire to change anything	合法	否定量词 no c-command anything
14 Nobody will think that anything has changed	合法	Nobody c-command 全句（含从句 anything）
15 He may feel unable to do anything	合法	否定前缀 unable（隐含负）c-command anything
16 No politician dare offend anyone	合法	No c-command anyone
17 *Anyone isn’t helping me	病句	Anyone 在主语位，否定 n’t 在 VP 内；anyone 在 n’t 之上，n’t 不 c-command anyone，触发词在极性词下方
18 *The fact that nothing…will change anything	病句	nothing 在内嵌从句里，不 c-command 主句 anything
19 John will deny that anything has happened	合法	deny 是隐含否定动词，c-command 从句 anything
20 *John has denied anything	病句	deny 虽隐含否定，但 anything 是 denied 的宾语（姐妹），deny 不 c-command 自己的补语内部？——实际：anything 作 deny 的补语时极性解读不被许可，deny 的否定力不覆盖直接宾语
21 John has denied any involvement	合法	any involvement 是名词短语（非极性 NP），any 是部分量词，可接受
22 John has denied involvement in any fraud	合法	in any fraud 是 PP 附加语，被 denied c-command，any 作部分量词

表3-2 极性词 7–22 的 c-command 判定

17/18 关键：*Anyone isn’t helping me 中，极性词 anyone 在句首主语位，否定成分 n’t 在它下方——否定词无法 c-command 主语里的 anyone，故不合法（对比 8 Nobody need do anything，否定主语 Nobody 在极性词 anything 之上，c-command 成立）。这就是不对称 c-command：必须触发词在极性词上方统制它。

3Exercise 4.1 画树 + 空成分 + 格指派 + have-附着

题干（原书页146）：为 1–10 句画树，论证你的分析，指出所含空成分及其设立理由，并说明每个名词/代词如何被格标记。另判断 11b–15b 的 have-附着是否合法。

题1 Students enjoy the classes（原书 model answer）

Students enjoy the classes（依原书 model answer (i)）

空成分：① 主句 C 是空陈述标句词 e [Dec]；② 主语 Students 是 bare nominal，D 位是空通指限定词 e；③ T 位是抽象时态词缀 Tns_3plPres（经 Affix Hopping 落到 enjoy → enjoys）。格：the classes 是及物动词 enjoy c-command 的补语，获宾格；Students 被主句空 C e c-command，获主格。并列证据：[Students enjoy the classes] but [do they like the lectures]? 证明整句是 CP。

题2 We have fun

树：CP-e [TP We [T’ have [VP have fun]]]。空成分：主句 C=e；have 是主动词（经验义「有」）在 V 位还是助动词？此处 have fun 的 have 是实义动词。格：We 主格（被主句空 C 指派）；fun 是不可数名词，作 have 的补语获宾格位置（无形态）。注意 have 在此是 V 位实义动词，不触发 have-附着到 We。

题3 Voters know politicians lie

树：CP-e [TP Voters [T’ know [CP-e [TP politicians [T’ lie]]]]]。空成分：know 选 CP 补语，补语从句 C 是省略 that 的空 e；两个 bare nominal（Voters、politicians、lie 这里作名词/动词）D 位空。格：Voters 主格；politicians 是补语从句主语，被该从句空 C 派主格。要点：补语从句是 CP（因为 know 的陈述语气由空 C 决定）。

题4 John promised to behave himself

树：CP-e [TP John [T’ promised [CP-e [TP PRO [T’ to [VP behave himself]]]]]]。空成分：promise 选控制不定式 CP，C 是空 e，主语是 PRO——promise 是主语控制动词，PRO 受 John 控制，故 behave himself 的 himself 指 John。格：John 主格；PRO 被空的不及物非定式 C 派空格；himself 作 behave 的补语（宾格自反）。

题5 She sees no need for him to apologise

树：…[NP no need [PP for [CP-e_for [TP him to apologise]]]]。空成分：him 是 for-to 结构主语，for 是空变体 e_for，给 him 派宾格。no 是否定限定词。要点：him 宾格来自及物空标句词 for，不是来自 sees。

题6 They would prefer students to do exams

树：…prefer [CP-e_for [TP students to do exams]]。空成分：prefer 选 for-to 不定式，C 是空 for；students 是宾语格主语，被空 for 派宾格。这是 ECM/for-to 型，students 可被动化吗？for-to 主语一般不能被动化（CP 层），但此处 students 是 accusative。

题7 Economists expect salaries to rise

树：…expect [TP salaries to rise]。空成分：expect 是 ECM 动词，补语是残缺 TP（无 CP 层），salaries 是 TP 主语，被及物动词 expect 就近 c-command 派宾格（故可被动化：Salaries are expected to rise）。

题8 He might like you to talk to her

树：…like [CP-e_for [TP you to talk [PP to her]]]。空成分：like 选 for-to 不定式，C 空 for；you 宾格主语（空 for 指派）；her 是介词 to 的补语，斜格/宾格。

题9 I have known you have a tantrum

树：CP-e [TP I [Tns have known [CP-e [TP you [T’ have a tantrum]]]]]。空成分：known 选 that-省略 CP，C 空 e；补语从句 you have a tantrum 是定式 TP。格：I 主格；you 是补语从句主语，被从句空 C 派主格。注意 have 此处是实义动词。

题10 John wanted to help him

树：CP-e [TP John [T’ wanted [CP-e [TP PRO to help him]]]]。空成分：want 选控制不定式，PRO 受 John 控制。约束要点：him 能否指 John？按 Principle B，him 不得在局部域被约束；PRO（=John）在不定式从句里 c-command him（him 是 help 的宾语），而 PRO 的先行语 John 在主句。him 在不定式 TP 内，局部域＝该不定式 TP，PRO 在该 TP 内 c-command him——若 him 指 John，则 him 在局部 TP 内被 PRO(=John) c-command 同指，违反 Principle B。故 him 不能指 John，只能指句外另一个男性。

have-附着 11–15

例句	合法?	解释
11 They have / They’ve	合法 b	They 以双元音结尾、不对称 c-command have、相邻（They have left 型）
12 The Sioux have / *Sioux’ve	b 病句	Sioux 发音 [su:]，以元音结尾看似可，但 Sioux 是裸 N（无 D），*Sioux’ve 要求 Sioux 带定指限定词；The Sioux’ve 才合法
13 Sioux have / *Sioux’ve	b 病句	裸 Sioux（复数通指，空 D e）不能 ’ve 附着——支持「裸名词是带空 D 的 DP」假设，附着需 overt/定指 D
14 *Two’ve given up	病句	Two 是数量词短语作主语，’ve 附着要求紧邻的代词/定指 NP；数量主语 Two 不满足不对称 c-command+代词条件
15 They may have / *They may’ve	b 病句	have 前面有情态动词 may（T 位），may 插在 They 与 have 之间，破坏邻接条件；且 may 后 have 是非定式助动词

表4-1 have-附着 11–15 判定

4Exercise 4.2 不定式补语的合法与否

题干（原书页148-149）：解释下列括号内不定式补语在标准英语中的(不)合法。

题1 They were planning [to escape] / *[him to escape]

They were planning [CP-e [TP PRO to escape]]（原书 model answer (i)）

1a 合法：plan 选控制不定式 CP，C 是空的不及物非定式标句词 e，主语 PRO 受 They 控制，获空格。1b 病句：*plan him to escape——plan 不选 ECM/for-to 补语（不选带 overt 宾格主语的不定式）；若硬塞 him，空 C e 是不及物的、不派宾格，him 无处获格 → 格错误。修法：要么用控制不定式 [PRO to escape]，要么换成能选 for-to 的动词。

题2 We consider [him to be unsuitable] / *It is considered [him to be unsuitable]

2a 合法：consider 是 ECM 动词，选残缺 TP 补语，him 被 consider 就近派宾格。2b 病句：*It is considered him to be unsuitable——被动后，consider 不再 c-command him（被动化后施事被吸收），him 无格可派；且 consider 被动后不允许这种外置宾格主语。修法：被动应是 He is considered to be unsuitable（him 提升为主格 he）。

题3 He would like [me to leave] / [to leave]

两句都合法。3a：like 选 for-to 不定式，C=空 for，me 宾格。3b：like 也可选控制不定式 [PRO to leave]，PRO 受 He 控制。一词两用：like 既选 for-to（带宾格主语）也选控制不定式（PRO 空格）。

题4 She seems keen [for them to participate] / *[to participate]

4a 合法：keen 选 for-to 不定式，for overt 出现，them 宾格。4b 病句：*keen to participate——keen 这个形容词不选控制不定式（不允许 PRO 主语），它只选 for-to 补语。修法：必须说 for them to participate。这是词汇选择差异（selectional property）。

题5 I received a request [to resign] / *[him to resign]

5a 合法：a request to resign 里 to resign 是修饰 request 的控制不定式，PRO 任意指/受 request 逻辑主语控制。5b 病句：*received a request him to resign——request 不选 ECM/宾格主语不定式，him 无处获格。

题6 It was agreed [to review the policy] / *[us to review the policy]

6a 合法：agree 选控制不定式，PRO 任意指，it 是虚主语。6b 病句：*agreed us to review——agree 不是 ECM 动词，不派宾格给 us。修法：agree 只能带控制不定式 that-clause。

题7 Congress decided [to ratify the treaty] / *[for him to ratify]

7a 合法：decide 选控制不定式 [PRO to ratify]，PRO 受 Congress 控制。7b 病句：*decided for him to ratify——decide 不选 for-to 不定式（不允许 overt for 主语）。词汇选择限制。

题8 She expected [to win] / [him/*he to win]

两句都合法但格不同。8a：expect 选控制不定式 [PRO to win]（PRO=She）。8b：expect 是 ECM 动词，选 [TP him to win]，him 被 expect 派宾格——故 *he to win 病句（主格 he 不能在 ECM 宾语位）。这直接证明 expect 给不定式主语派宾格。

题9 He should let [you have a break] / *[have a break]

9a 合法：let 选裸不定式（you have a break，空 to e_to），you 是 let 的宾格宾语兼裸不定式主语。9b 病句：*let have a break——let 必须有 overt 宾语主语（let 不选控制不定式 PRO）。修法：必须带 you。

题10 He said [her to like oysters] / *[to like oysters]

两句都病句（标准英语）。10a：*said her to like——say 不是 ECM 动词，不选 [NP to-VP] 补语；her 无处获格。应说 said that she liked oysters。10b：*said to like——say 不选控制不定式（无 PRO 解读）。（注：部分方言/古英语里 say 可接此类，标准英语不允许。）

附加：Belfast English for-to

Belfast 英语允许 She seems keen for herself to participate / I wanted Jimmy for to come with me——这里 for-to 合成一个复合标句词。分析：for 与 to 合并为单一标句成分 for-to，同时具格指派与非定式特征，故可出现在标准英语只允许 to 或只允许 for 的位置。

Noscit 句法研习 · MP 系列