MP 刷题 · Radford Minimalist Syntax
Syntax · S309
附录 A 答案速查总表
1A.1 Exercise 5.1 速查
| 题 | 判定 | 关键机制 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 He helps her | 合法 | 弱 Tns → Affix Hopping → helps |
| 2 *He d’s help her | 不合法 | 肯定句不触发 do-support |
| 3 *Helps he her? | 不合法 | 实义动词不能 V-to-T/C |
| 4 *If helps he her? | 不合法 | if 占 C 位 + 实义动词提升 + 不能独立成句 |
| 5 Does he help her? | 合法 | root 问句 do-support + T-to-C |
| 6 I wonder if he helps her | 合法 | if 占 C,不倒装,Affix Hopping |
| 7 *I wonder if does he help her | 不合法 | if 与 does 互补分布 |
| 8 *I wonder if helps he her | 不合法 | C 位冲突 + 实义动词提升 |
| 9 *He helps not her | 不合法 | 现代英语 not 不后置 |
| 10 *He not helps her | 不合法 | not 位置错 + 缺 do-support |
| 11 He does not help her | 合法 | NEGP 介入 → do-support |
| 12 He doesn’t help her | 合法 | n’t 附着 Tns + do-support |
| 13 Doesn’t he help her? | 合法/歧义 | 否定问句两种 paraphrase |
| 14 He might not help her | 合法 | 窄域情态从 AUX 提升 |
| 15 *He dare not help her | 不合法 | 标准语 dare 不作情态 |
| 16 Have you any wool? | 古旧 | 实义 have 倒装,现代用 Do you have |
| 17 Is the clock is working? | 儿童错 | 忘删 T 位 is 拷贝 |
| 18 Does it opens? | 儿童错 | does 与 opens 双重标记 |
| 19 Don’t you don’t want one? | 儿童错 | don’t 双重拷贝未删 |
| 20 Does it doesn’t move? | 儿童错 | does/doesn’t 双重标记 |
| 21 Is I can do that? | 儿童错 | Is 万能倒装标记 |
| 22 Is you should eat…? | 儿童错 | Is 万能倒装 |
| 23 Is the apple juice won’t spill? | 儿童错 | Is 万能倒装 |
| 24 *Be not afraid! | 古旧 | 祈使 T 弱,be 不能提升 |
| 25 Don’t be afraid! | 合法 | 祈使 do-support |
表 A-1 Exercise 5.1 答案速查
2A.2 Exercise 5.2 速查
| 题 | 判定 | 关键机制 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Thou marvel’st at my words | 合法 | 强 Tns,marvel V→T |
| 2 Macbeth doth come | 合法 | 弱 Tns → do-support → doth |
| 3 He loves you not | 合法 | 强 Tns,not 后置 |
| 4 You do not look on me | 合法 | 古 do-support |
| 5 Wilt thou use thy wit? | 合法 | 情态 T-to-C |
| 6 Wrong I mine enemies? | 合法 | V→T→C 两步 |
| 7 Knows he not thy voice? | 合法 | V→T→C + not |
| 8 Didst thou not see her come? | 合法 | do-support T-to-C |
| 9 Canst not rule her? | 合法 | 情态 + 空 pro 主语 |
| 10 Hath not a Jew eyes? | 合法 | have V→T→C |
| 11 Do not you love me? | 合法 | do-support 否定问句 |
| 12 Buy thou a rope! | 合法 | 祈使 V→C(imp) |
| 13 Fear you not him! | 合法 | 祈使 V→C |
| 14 Speak not you to him! | 合法 | 祈使 V→C |
| 15 Do not meddle! | 合法 | 否定祈使 do-support |
| 16 She not denies it | 开放 | not 夹主/动间,修法见正文 |
表 A-2 Exercise 5.2 答案速查
3A.3 Exercise 6.1 速查
| 题 | 判定 | 关键机制 |
|---|---|---|
| 1a Which film have you seen? | 合法 | QP 移 spec-CP,have 移 C |
| 1b *Which have you seen film? | 不合法 | LBC,不能只抽 which |
| 2a Dare anyone say anything? | 合法 | 情态 dare + 极性词 |
| 2b Who interrupted him? | 合法 | wh 主语一步移 |
| 3a Who(m) were you talking to? | 合法 | 介词滞留 |
| 3b To whom…? | 合法 | pied-piping |
| 4a Who have they spoken to? | 合法 | 介词滞留 |
| 4b Who’ve they spoken to? | 合法 | who cliticise have |
| 4c ?To who’ve they spoken? | 方言 | 边缘 |
| 4d *To who’ve they spoken? | 不合法 | pied-piped PP 内不能 cliticise |
| 5a Which picture of you…published? | 合法 | DP 整体移 |
| 5b *Which picture of you’ve…? | 不合法 | you 在 NP 内不 c-command have |
| 6a What excuse has he given? | 合法 | QP 整体移 |
| 6b/d *What has he given excuse? | 不合法 | 拆分错误 |
| 6c *What excuse he has given? | 不合法 | 缺 T-to-C |
| 7a In whose mother…? | 合法 | PP 整体 pied-pipe |
| 7b Whose mother…confided in? | 合法 | DP 移,in 滞留 |
| 7c/d *Whose…mother? | 不合法 | LBC |
| 8a What courage he has shown! | 合法 | 感叹句 wh 移,不倒装 |
| 8b/d *What he has shown courage! | 不合法 | 拆分错误 |
| 8c *What courage has he shown! | 不合法 | 感叹句误倒装 |
| 9a/b How proud…! | 合法 | AP pied-piping 两解 |
| 10a The leader of which party…? | 合法 | DP 整体移 |
| 10b *Leader of which…he…? | 不合法 | 缺冠词 + 重复 |
| 10c/d ?Of which…/Which party…of…? | 方言 | 边缘 pied-pipe |
| 10e *Which has the leader of party…? | 不合法 | LBC |
表 A-3 Exercise 6.1 答案速查
4A.4 Exercise 6.2 速查
| 题 | 判定 | 关键机制 |
|---|---|---|
| 1a [who you can talk to] | 合法 | who 移 spec-CP,to 滞留 |
| 1b [you can talk to] | 合法 | who 空拼写(RPSC) |
| 1c [to whom you can talk] | 合法 | PP pied-pipe |
| 1d *[to you can talk] | 不合法 | 介词无宾语 |
| 2a *[who that you can talk to] | 不合法 | MFCF |
| 2b [that you can talk to] | 合法 | that 补语标记 |
| 2c *[to whom that…] | 不合法 | MFCF |
| 2d *[to that…] | 不合法 | to 后非 wh 代词 |
| 3a [who have got a degree] | 合法 | who 主语移 |
| 3b [who’ve got a degree] | 合法 | who cliticise have |
| 3c [that have got a degree] | 合法 | that + 空 wh |
| 3d *[have got a degree] | 不合法 | 裸关系子句 |
| 4a *[how he behaved] | 不合法 | how 与 the way 重复 |
| 4b [he behaved] | 合法 | 空 wh |
| 4c *[that how…] | 不合法 | MFCF |
| 4d [that he behaved] | 合法 | that 补语标记 |
| 5a *[who to love me] | 不合法 | 不定式必空写 |
| 5b [to love me] | 合法 | 空 wh + PRO |
| 5c *[who to love] | 不合法 | 不定式必空写 |
| 5d [to love] | 合法 | 空 wh 作宾语 |
| 6a [in which to stay] | 合法 | PP pied-pipe,which 空写 |
| 6b *[in to stay] | 不合法 | 介词无宾语 |
| 6c *[which to stay in] | 不合法 | 不定式 overt which |
| 6d [to stay in] | 合法 | in 滞留 + 空 wh |
| 6e *[where to stay] | 不合法 | 不定式 overt where |
| 6f [to stay] | 合法 | 空 wh |
| 7a-c *[in which/which…for her…] | 不合法 | 不定式 overt wh |
| 7d [for her to stay in] | 合法 | for-to + in 滞留 |
| 7e *[where for her to stay] | 不合法 | overt where |
| 7f [for her to stay] | 合法 | for-to 空 wh |
| 8a *[how to behave] | 不合法 | how 重复 |
| 8b [to behave] | 合法 | 空 wh |
| 8c *[how for you to behave] | 不合法 | how 重复 |
| 8d [for you to behave] | 合法 | for-to 空 wh |
表 A-4 Exercise 6.2 答案速查
5附录 B 高频错题清单
下列错题是两章考试/刷题最易踩的坑,按错误类型归类。
| 错误类型 | 典型错题 | 修法要点 |
|---|---|---|
| do-support 误用 | *He d’s help her; *He helps not her | do-support 只在否定/倒装/疑问句插入,肯定句不用 |
| 实义动词提升 | *Helps he her?; *Know you the cause? | 现代英语 Tns 弱,实义动词不能 V-to-T/C |
| C 位双重填充 | *If will you marry me?; *who that | 补语标记 if/that 与倒装助动词/wh 前置互补 |
| T-to-C 遗漏 | *What excuse he has given? | root wh 问句助动词必须倒装 |
| 感叹句误倒装 | *What courage has he shown! | 感叹句 C 无 [TNS],助动词留在 T |
| LBC 左分支 | *Which have you seen film?; *Whose…mother? | 限定词/属格不能单独抽出 |
| MFCF | *who that; *to whom that | CP 不能同时有 overt C 与 overt spec |
| RPSC 误用 | *someone [who to love] | 非限定关系子句关系代词必须空写 |
| 介词滞留 vs pied-pipe | 语体判断 | 正式 pied-pipe,非正式介词滞留 |
| 儿童 copy-deletion | Is the clock is working? | 移位后须删原位拷贝 |
| 宽/窄域情态 | might 位置 | 落 not 辖域内的情态从 AUX 提升 |
| 极性词 | Dare anyone…? | anyone/anything 由疑问/否定 dare 许可 |
表 B-1 高频错题
6附录 C MP 推导流程卡
遇到任意一句英语,按下列 8 步走 MP 推导。
- 选词列(lexical array):从词库取出句子所需词项(V、N、P、T、C 等)。
- 自底向上 merge:先 merge VP(V + 补语),再 merge T’(Tns + VP),再 merge TP(主语 + T’),最后 merge CP(C + TP)。
- 定 C 的特征:陈述 ø / if / that;root wh [TNS,WH,EPP];yes-no [TNS,WH,EPP](空 whether);感叹 [WH,EPP](无 TNS);关系 [WH,EPP]。
- 检查 T-to-C:C 有 [TNS] 且 T 是助动词/有 host → 助动词拷贝移 head C;Tns 弱且无 host → do-support。
- 检查 wh 移位:C 有 [WH,EPP] → ACP 吸引最近 wh 短语移 spec-CP(最小最大投射)。
- 拷贝删除:所有移位成分在原位的拷贝,PF 层删除语音特征(关系子句可选空拼写)。
- 局部性检查:HMC(词首只移到最近 head)、ACP(wh 只移最近)、Remerger、Constituent Structure、LBC/CED/MFCF/RPSC。
- PF/语义:Affix Hopping 落词缀;do-support 插虚 do;语义层不看 do。
7C.1 词首移位 vs wh 移位对照卡
| 维度 | 词首移位(ch5) | wh 移位(ch6) |
|---|---|---|
| 单位 | head(T/V/N) | XP(wh 短语) |
| 着陆点 | 更高 head 位 | spec-CP |
| 驱动 | 强 Tns/Q 词缀 | C 的 [WH,EPP] |
| 局部性 | HMC | ACP + 岛约束 |
| 经典例 | 助动词倒装、do-support | wh 问句、关系子句 |
表 C-1
8附录 D 符号与术语表
| 术语 | 英文 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| EPP | Extended Projection Principle | 要求 TP/CP 有主语/specifier |
| ACP | Attract Closest Principle | 吸引最近成分 |
| HMC | Head Movement Constraint | 词首只能移到最近 head |
| SCP | Strict Cyclicity Principle | 严格循环 |
| LBC | Left Branch Condition | 左分支成分不可抽 |
| CED | Condition on Extraction Domains | 只补语可提取 |
| MFCF | Multiply Filled COMP Filter | CP 不可双重填充 |
| RPSC | Relative Pronoun Spellout Condition | 关系代词拼写条件 |
| Tns | Tense affix | 时态词缀 |
| Q | Question particle | 疑问词缀 |
| NEGP | Negation Phrase | 否定短语 |
| AUXP | Auxiliary Phrase | 助动词短语 |
| NumP | Number Phrase | 数短语(名词内) |
| A-bar | A-bar position | 算子位(spec-CP) |
| Pied-piping | — | 介词跟随 wh 短语一起移 |
| Stranding | — | 介词滞留句末 |
| Do-support | — | 虚助 do 承载词缀 |
| Affix Hopping | — | 词缀跳移到动词 |
| Copy theory | — | 移位=拷贝+删除 |
表 D-1 术语表
全书完。本册所有解答为编者参考意见,非原书标准答案;刷题时请结合 Radford 原书正文与课堂讲授自行修正。
Noscit 句法研习 · MP 系列

