MP 刷题 · Radford Minimalist Syntax
Syntax · S317
Workbook 逐题解答（编者参考意见）
声明：原书 Workbook 这些题本身不附标准答案（仅给了少量 model answer，下面已逐题标出），以下为编者依据正文论证给出的参考思路，供自学对照，不代表 Radford 本人立场。病句错因与修法均按本册框架标注。
1Exercise 9.1 分裂 CP：Force / Top / Foc / Fin 投射
题干（原书页374-375）：Assuming the grammaticality judgments given below, discuss how the relevant sentences could be analysed within the split CP framework. Where clauses are bracketed, concern yourself only with the structure of the bracketed material. 末了追问：假设 Fin 可与它上面紧邻的任一头（Force/Focus/Topic）syncretise——若二者至少一个为零、若二者同强（都弱或都强）、若 F 不投射自己的 specifier——对你的分析意味着什么。
1 He admitted [that students only rarely enjoy syntax]
2 He admitted [that only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
3 *He admitted [that only rarely students enjoy syntax]
4 He admitted [that syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
5 *He admitted [syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
6 *He admitted [that syntax do students only rarely enjoy]
7 He admitted [that only rarely, do students enjoy syntax]
8 *He admitted [that syntax do only rarely students enjoy]
9 *He admitted [that only rarely do syntax, students enjoy]
10 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax do students enjoy]
11 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax, students enjoy]
12 What kind of courses do students only rarely enjoy?
13 *What kind of courses do only rarely students enjoy?
14 Syntax is something [which only rarely do students enjoy]
15 What’s the reason [why syntax, students only rarely enjoy?]
16 I don’t understand [why only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
2 He admitted [that only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
3 *He admitted [that only rarely students enjoy syntax]
4 He admitted [that syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
5 *He admitted [syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
6 *He admitted [that syntax do students only rarely enjoy]
7 He admitted [that only rarely, do students enjoy syntax]
8 *He admitted [that syntax do only rarely students enjoy]
9 *He admitted [that only rarely do syntax, students enjoy]
10 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax do students enjoy]
11 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax, students enjoy]
12 What kind of courses do students only rarely enjoy?
13 *What kind of courses do only rarely students enjoy?
14 Syntax is something [which only rarely do students enjoy]
15 What’s the reason [why syntax, students only rarely enjoy?]
16 I don’t understand [why only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
原书16句
原书 helpful hints：只看左缘 Force/Top/Foc/Fin。假设 TP 已造好：头是第三人称复数现在时空 Tns，先与 enjoy 合成 T-bar enjoy syntax，再与状语 only rarely 附加扩展成 T-bar only rarely Tns enjoy syntax，再与 students 合成 TP。按 DP 假说，syntax 与 students 都是带空限定词的 DP。15-16 里 why 在它最终落点处生成。
题1 He admitted [that students only rarely enjoy syntax]（原书给了 model answer）
思路：only rarely 在此是普通 VP/TP 状语（不是被前置的焦点），main 从句与补语从句都没有话题/焦点成分，所以 Force 与 Fin syncretise 成单一 C，带陈述语气＋定式特征，拼写成 that。
model answer（原书骨架 i）：[CP [C that[DEC,FIN]] [TP students only rarely [T Tns] enjoy syntax]]。Tns 词缀随后 lowered 到动词 enjoy → enjoys。因为 C 同时带 DEC 与 FIN，可拼 that；也可凭定式特征零拼写 ø（原书 26ii）：He admitted [ø students only rarely enjoy syntax]。这是无话题无焦点→单层 CP的基准。
题2 He admitted [that only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
思路：only rarely 被前置到句首作焦点（对比新信息），触发倒装。
结构：补语从句 Force=that（陈述语气）；FocP 的 spec 是焦点 only rarely；Foc 是强头（带 affixal Tns），吸引就近的 T（空 Tns）上升到 Foc，触发 do-support → do。FinP 在 FocP 下。骨架：[CP [C that[DEC]] [FocP only rarely [Foc do] [FinP e [TP students Tns enjoy syntax]]]]。合法：焦点在 Foc、助动词倒装到位。
题3 *He admitted [that only rarely students enjoy syntax]
病句错因：only rarely 在句首焦点位（spec-FocP），但 Foc 是强头，必须吸引 T 上升触发倒装；此句却没倒装（students enjoy 而非 do students enjoy）。修法：补上 do-support → only rarely do students enjoy syntax（＝题2）。焦点前置必伴倒装，这是 Foc 强头的硬性要求。
题4 He admitted [that syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
思路：syntax 后有逗号、回指上文已知信息，是话题（topicalisation），不是焦点；故无倒装。
结构：Force=that；TopP 的 spec 是话题 syntax（句末 enjoy 的宾语原位留 copy/t）；Top 是弱头，不吸引 T 上升，所以无倒装、无 do-support。骨架：[CP [C that] [TopP syntax_i [Top e] [TP students only rarely enjoy t_i]]]。合法：话题在 Top、不引发倒装。
题5 *He admitted [syntax, students only rarely enjoy]
病句错因：话题 syntax 直接出现在补语从句句首、没有标句词 that——但补语从句需要 Force 头标陈述语气；话题化只在 ForceP 之下劈开 TopP，Force 位仍需有 that（或零 Force，但零 Force 不能在及物动词 admitted 的补语里单独出现）。修法：补回 that → that syntax, students…（＝题4）。对比题1零拼写 ø 合法，是因为题1无话题、Force/Fin syncretise 可零拼；有话题时 Force 与 Fin 分开，Force 位须拼 that。
题6 *He admitted [that syntax do students only rarely enjoy]
病句错因：syntax 是话题（逗号缺位但解读为话题），却触发了倒装 do students——倒装是焦点 Foc 的专利，话题 Top 弱、不引倒装。把话题塞进 Foc 位又触发倒装，类型错配。修法：话题化就不要倒装 → that syntax, students only rarely enjoy（＝题4）；要倒装就得用焦点（如 only rarely）。
题7 He admitted [that only rarely, do students enjoy syntax]
合法（带停顿逗号）：only rarely 是焦点（spec-FocP），do 倒装到位；逗号只是口语停顿。骨架：[CP that [FocP only rarely [Foc do] [FinP e [TP students enjoy syntax]]]]。与题2同义，逗号不改变结构。
题8 *He admitted [that syntax do only rarely students enjoy]
病句错因：一个从句里塞了两个前置成分（syntax 话题＋only rarely 焦点），却只允许一个 FocP/TopP 组合；且语序错乱——焦点 only rarely 应紧邻 Foc、话题 syntax 应在 TopP。多个前置成分争一个 FocP，违反「一个从句最多一个 FocP」。修法：拆成两个从句或只留一个前置成分。
题9 *He admitted [that only rarely do syntax, students enjoy]
病句错因：only rarely 焦点＋do 倒装（FocP），同时 syntax 作话题（TopP）——语序应为 TopP 在 FocP 之上（话题比焦点更外层，原书(7)），此处却把焦点 only rarely 放最外、话题 syntax 塞倒装后，层级颠倒。修法：话题 syntax 应在 TopP（焦点之上）：that syntax, only rarely do students enjoy it。
题10 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax do students enjoy]
病句错因：焦点 only rarely 在 Foc、话题 syntax 又在同一句，且 do 倒装后 syntax 夹在助动词与主语之间——层级与线性序都乱。Rizzi 体系里 TopP 与 FocP 可叠，但每类只一个，且语序固定；此句同时前置两个成分又倒装，位置互撞。修法：二选一。
题11 *He admitted [that only rarely, syntax, students enjoy]
病句错因：同时前置焦点 only rarely 和话题 syntax，却又没有倒装（students enjoy 而非 do students enjoy）。焦点在 Foc 强头必须引倒装；话题在 Top 弱头不引。两个前置成分＋零倒装＝前后矛盾。修法：焦点前置必倒装（题2），话题前置必不倒装（题4），不能叠床架屋。
题12 What kind of courses do students only rarely enjoy?
合法：主句 wh-问句。wh 短语 what kind of courses 是焦点（spec-FocP/spec-CP），强头引 T-to-C 倒装 do；only rarely 是 TP 内普通状语。骨架：[CP What kind of courses [C do] [TP students only rarely enjoy t]]。wh 移位到句首焦点位，倒装正常。
题13 *What kind of courses do only rarely students enjoy?
病句错因：only rarely 被插到倒装助动词 do 与主语 students 之间——only rarely 是焦点/状语，不能挤在 T-to-C 倒装后的 C 与主语之间。焦点位置只放一个成分（wh 短语已占 spec-CP/FocP），再加 only rarely 就违反「一个 FocP 一个 spec」。修法：only rarely 回到 TP 内 → what kind of courses do students only rarely enjoy（＝题12）。
题14 Syntax is something [which only rarely do students enjoy]
合法（关系从句）：关系代词 which 是焦点/wh 算子，在关系从句 spec-FocP；only rarely 在 which 后，do 倒装。which 作 enjoy 的宾语（原位 copy）。骨架：[CP which [C e] [FocP only rarely [Foc do] [TP students enjoy t_which]]]。关系从句里 which 占焦点边缘，倒装合理。
题15 What’s the reason [why syntax, students only rarely enjoy?]
合法：内嵌疑问句 why 在它最终落点处生成（原书提示）；syntax 是话题（逗号、回指），在 TopP；话题弱头不引倒装。骨架：[CP why [C e] [TopP syntax_i [Top e] [TP students only rarely enjoy t_i]]]。why 是原因 wh，syntax 话题化，二者分层（why 在更外层 ForceP/C，syntax 在 TopP）。
题16 I don’t understand [why only rarely do students enjoy syntax]
合法：内嵌疑问句 why 带焦点 only rarely，强 Foc 引 do 倒装。骨架：[CP why [C e] [FocP only rarely [Foc do] [TP students enjoy syntax]]]。why 是 wh 算子，only rarely 焦点前置触发倒装，与题15的话题版形成对照。
附加追问：Fin 与上头 syncretise 的后果
| 条件 | 何时 | 后果 | 例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fin 与 Force syncretise | 无话题无焦点时 | 单层 that[DEC,FIN] 或 ø | 题1/25 |
| Fin 与 Foc syncretise | 有焦点无话题 | Foc 头兼负定式 | 题2/14/16 |
| Fin 与 Top syncretise | 有话题无焦点 | Top 头兼负定式（弱） | 题4/15 |
| 至少一个为零 | 零头不投射独立 spec | 层级可合并 | 题5 零Force |
| 二者同弱 | 都弱→不引倒装 | 话题化不倒装 | 题4/15 |
| 二者同强 | 都强→都引倒装 | 焦点化倒装 | 题2/16 |
表9-Ex1 Fin syncretise 条件矩阵
编者总结：题1/2 合法的关键在「无前置→单层 C；有焦点→Foc 强倒装；有话题→Top 弱不倒装」。病句 3、5、6、8-11、13 分别犯了：焦点不倒装、话题丢标句词、话题误倒装、双前置撞位、焦点插倒装位。题15 vs 16 是话题/焦点最小对。
2Exercise 9.2 VP 壳：作格/结果/双宾/宾控/提升/名词壳
题干（原书页376-377）：用 VP 壳框架讨论下列句子的句法，给论证。特别评注斜体成分的位置、格与题元；并讨论 §9.9 的名词壳分析如何处理 21–30 的名词。题末给题元层级（原书(i)）：THEME > 其他内论元 > AGENT by-phrase > 从句论元；>＝在 VP/NP 结构里投射得更高。
1 They will increase the price to 30 dollars
2 Shall we sit him in the chair?
3 Will you climb me up there? (Child English)
4 This might make him angry
5 He will explain the problem fully to me
6 You must show her that she can trust you
7 Tourists may smuggle drugs illegally into the country
8 She will remind him to close the windows
9 The horse was jumped perfectly over the fence
10 You should ask him politely to keep quiet
11 The prosecution must prove to the jury beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty
12 Some evidence does appear to have emerged of corruption
13 The police were reported by the press to have arrested a suspect
14 There are said to be several people suspected of corruption
15 Several politicians are widely thought to be suspected of corruption
16 There are said to have been several people detained
17 There are several people said to have been detained
18 There does seem to me to remain some unrest in Utopia
19 I believe there sincerely to remain some unrest in Utopia
20 Can you prove him to us to have defrauded the company?
2 Shall we sit him in the chair?
3 Will you climb me up there? (Child English)
4 This might make him angry
5 He will explain the problem fully to me
6 You must show her that she can trust you
7 Tourists may smuggle drugs illegally into the country
8 She will remind him to close the windows
9 The horse was jumped perfectly over the fence
10 You should ask him politely to keep quiet
11 The prosecution must prove to the jury beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty
12 Some evidence does appear to have emerged of corruption
13 The police were reported by the press to have arrested a suspect
14 There are said to be several people suspected of corruption
15 Several politicians are widely thought to be suspected of corruption
16 There are said to have been several people detained
17 There are several people said to have been detained
18 There does seem to me to remain some unrest in Utopia
19 I believe there sincerely to remain some unrest in Utopia
20 Can you prove him to us to have defrauded the company?
原书20句（动词）
21 the return of the president from Ohio
22 the president’s return from Ohio
23 the unwillingness of the chairman to admit responsibility
24 the chairman’s unwillingness to admit responsibility
25 the decision by the chairman to admit responsibility
26 the enemy’s surrender of the city to the allies
27 the surrender of the city to the allies by the enemy
28 the city’s surrender to the allies by the enemy
29 the judge’s instruction to the jury to acquit the defendant
30 the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories by the Israelis
22 the president’s return from Ohio
23 the unwillingness of the chairman to admit responsibility
24 the chairman’s unwillingness to admit responsibility
25 the decision by the chairman to admit responsibility
26 the enemy’s surrender of the city to the allies
27 the surrender of the city to the allies by the enemy
28 the city’s surrender to the allies by the enemy
29 the judge’s instruction to the jury to acquit the defendant
30 the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories by the Israelis
原书10个名词
原书 helpful hints：11 里 beyond reasonable doubt 是 PP 附加语，别管内部结构；12、13 里 that 从句是 CP。21、22 里 the president 是 THEME 论元、the chairman（23/24）是经验者论元，可由转译介词 of 引入（派宾格）或作未估值格 DP。23/24/25/29 里不定式从句是带空标句词＋空 PRO 主语的 CP。27/28/30 假设名词有三个内论元，其中两个作同一头的 specifier。
题1 They will increase the price to 30 dollars（原书给了 model answer）
思路：increase 也可作格（The price will increase to 30 dollars），故是作格谓词，类 roll。
They will increase the price to 30 dollars：作格动词 increase 的 vP 壳（原书(iv)/(v)）
model answer：increase 先与 PP to 30 dollars 合成 V-bar，再与 DP the price 合成 VP（price 是 THEME，按题元层级高于 goal）；然后与作格轻动词 ø（外论元 they＝施事）合并。ø 是 φ-complete 探针，找到 the price（未估值格）派宾格；ø 是附着强头，increase 从 V 升到 ø+increase。骨架（v）：[CP C e [TP they [T will] [vP they e+increase [VP the price e+increase to 30 dollars]]]]。副词 gradual 问题：They will increase the price gradually… 若 gradually 贴 V-bar（中间投射）则违反「副词只贴最大投射」；Bowers(2002) 的 TrP 方案：the price 被 Tr 的 [EPP] 提到 spec-TrP，gradually 贴最大投射 VP。
题2 Shall we sit him in the chair?
作格/处所交替：sit 是作格动词（We sat in the chair 不及物 vs We sat him in the chair 及物）。及物义：核心 VP [him sit in the chair]，him 是核心 VP 主语（THEME），与作格轻动词 ø（外论元 we）合并；ø 给 him 派宾格。Shall 是情态 T，引主谓倒装。斜体 him：宾格，核心 VP 主语（原位），ø+sit 升到 v。
题3 Will you climb me up there?（儿童英语）
及物作格/作格转换：climb normally 不及物，但儿童英语里作及物「抱我爬上去」。me 是核心 VP 主语（被攀爬者，THEME），在核心 VP 内合并；外论元 you 是施事在 spec-vP。斜体 me：宾格，由及物轻动词 ø 指派；up there 是方向 PP。这是儿童把作格动词当及物使，ø 带外论元 you。
题4 This might make him angry
结果结构：make 是作格轻动词本字（ø CAUSE 的 overt 版），him angry 是核心小句——him 是核心 VP 主语（THEME）、angry 是结果 A-bar 补语。this 是施事/致事外论元。斜体 him：宾格，由及物 make 指派（ECM/结果主语）；angry 是 AP 补语。骨架：This [v make] [VP him [A-bar angry]]。
题5 He will explain the problem fully to me
双补语及物：explain 选两个补语——DP the problem（THEME，直接宾语）＋PP to me（GOAL）。核心 VP 里 explain 先与 PP to me 合成 V-bar，再与 DP the problem 合成 VP；与及物轻动词 ø（外论元 he）合并。斜体 fully：VP/最大投射附加语（方式状语）。格：the problem 宾格（ø 指派）；me 是介词 to 的补语（斜格/宾格）。
题6 You must show her that she can trust you
双宾/CP补语：show 选 DP her（间宾/受事）＋CP that she can trust you（直宾/命题）。核心 VP：show 与 CP 合成 V-bar，her 作核心 VP 主语升到 spec-vP；外论元 you 在 spec-vP 再升 spec-TP。斜体 her：宾格，及物轻动词 ø 指派。CP 补语由 that 引导。
题7 Tourists may smuggle drugs illegally into the country
及物＋处所PP：smuggle 与 PP into the country 合成 V-bar，再与 DP drugs 合成核心 VP；及物轻动词 ø 外论元 tourists。斜体 illegally：VP 附加语（方式）。格：drugs 宾格（ø 指派）；tourists 主格（T may 指派）。into the country 是方向 PP。
题8 She will remind him to close the windows
宾控/不定式补语：remind 是宾控动词——him 是宾语（核心 VP 主语），[PRO to close the windows] 是补语 CP；PRO 受 him 控制。斜体 him：宾格，及物轻动词 ø 指派。核心 VP：remind 与 CP[PRO to close…] 合成 V-bar，him 作核心 VP 主语；ø 外论元 she。
题9 The horse was jumped perfectly over the fence
被动作格：jumped 是被动分词，核心 VP [the horse jump over the fence]；被动轻动词（PRT，无外论元），the horse 是 THEME 主语。斜体 perfectly：VP/最大投射附加语。被动后无施事 by-phrase，the horse 升到 spec-TP 获主格。over the fence 是 PP。
题10 You should ask him politely to keep quiet
宾控不定式：ask 是宾控动词——him 是宾语（核心 VP 主语），[PRO to keep quiet] 是 CP 补语，PRO 受 him 控制。斜体 politely：VP 附加语（方式），贴最大投射。格：him 宾格（及物 ø）；you 主格。
题11 The prosecution must prove to the jury beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty
复杂及物＋长附加语：prove 选 PP to the jury（GOAL）＋CP that the defendant is guilty（命题 THEME）。斜体 beyond reasonable doubt：PP 附加语（原书提示不管内部结构），贴最大投射。核心 VP：prove 与 CP 合成 V-bar，PP to the jury 附加；及物 ø 外论元 the prosecution。格：the prosecution 主格；the defendant 在 CP 内主格。
题12 Some evidence does appear to have emerged of corruption
提升＋外置：appear 是提升动词，内嵌不定式 to have emerged of corruption 的主语 some evidence 提升到主句 spec-TP。斜体 of corruption：PP 补语，外置（extraposed）到不定式句末。提升结构：some evidence 在内嵌 vP 原位（emerged 的 THEME），经提升到主句 spec-TP；do-support 因否定/强调。
题13 The police were reported by the press to have arrested a suspect
被动提升＋by短语：report 被动，内嵌不定式 to have arrested a suspect 的主语 the police 提升到主句 spec-TP；by the press 是施事。斜体 by the press：被动施事 PP，在轻动词外层。the police 原是 arrest 的施事（内嵌及物 vP 外论元），被动后提升获主格。
题14 There are said to be several people suspected of corruption
被动提升＋虚主语：expletive there 在 spec-TP（EPP），逻辑主语 several people 与 BE 一致（are）。内嵌不定式 to be several people suspected… 是残缺 TP（无 CP）。斜体 there：虚主语，满足 EPP，无指称；several people 是真正逻辑主语，与 are 一致。
题15 Several politicians are widely thought to be suspected of corruption
被动提升：several politicians 从内嵌不定式主语提升到主句 spec-TP，获主格、与 are 一致。斜体 widely：VP 附加语（评注）。thought 是被动分词（无外论元）。
题16 There are said to have been several people detained
被动提升＋完成体：there 虚主语 spec-TP，several people 逻辑主语与 are 一致；to have been 是完成体不定式。斜体 there：EPP 虚主语；detained 是被动分词补语。
题17 There are several people said to have been detained
there ＋ 名词谓语：与16不同，several people 在 there 后作名词谓语（not 提升主语），said… 是分词修饰。斜体 there：虚主语；several people 是谓语名词。注意与16的语序差异（16 是 there are said to have been…，17 是 there are several people said…）。
题18 There does seem to me to remain some unrest in Utopia
提升＋经验者 PP：seem 是提升动词，to me 是经验者 PP；内嵌不定式 to remain some unrest… 的逻辑主语 some unrest 与虚主语 there 共现。斜体 me：seem 的经验者补语（PP to me），由介词 to 派格。does-support 因否定/强调。
题19 I believe there sincerely to remain some unrest in Utopia
ECM ＋ 虚主语：believe 是 ECM 动词，补语是残缺 TP [there to remain some unrest…]；there 是 ECM 主语，被 believe 派宾格。斜体 sincerely：VP 附加语（方式），贴最大投射。there 宾格（ECM），some unrest 是 remain 的内论元。
题20 Can you prove him to us to have defrauded the company?
复杂 ECM ＋ 与格 PP：prove 是 ECM 动词，him 是 ECM 主语（宾格）；to us 是与格 PP；[PRO/ec to have defrauded…] 是内嵌不定式。斜体 him：宾格，ECM 主语（被 prove 派宾格）。格：him 宾格（prove 指派）；us 是介词 to 的补语。
题21 the return of the president from Ohio（原书给了 model answer）
思路：return 是非宾格名词，按题元层级，SOURCE from Ohio 低于 THEME the president。
the return of the president from Ohio：nP 名词壳（原书(x)）
model answer：return 先与 SOURCE 补语 from Ohio 合成 N-bar return from Ohio；再与 THEME 论元 the president 合成 NP——THEME 可由转译介词 of 引入（派宾格）：[PP of the president] [N-bar return from Ohio]。然后与强空轻名词 ø 合并，触发 return 从 N 升到 n；再与限定词 the 合成 DP。预测：形容词 unexpected 可插在 D 与 nP 之间 → the unexpected return of the president from Ohio。
题22 the president’s return from Ohio
属格变体：the president 不是 by of 引入的 PP，而是带未估值格的 DP，与 nP 合并后被空 φ-complete D 派属格（-‘s），升到 spec-DP。骨架：[DP the president’s [D e] [nP e+return [NP t from Ohio]]]。对比21：the president 21 是 of-PP（宾格），22 是属格 DP（-‘s）。
题23 the unwillingness of the chairman to admit responsibility
名词＋控制不定式：unwillingness 是名词，of the chairman 是经验者论元（PP，of 派宾格）；[PRO to admit responsibility] 是 CP 补语（空标句词＋空 PRO 主语，原书提示）。骨架：[NP [N-bar unwillingness [PP of the chairman] [CP C e [TP PRO to admit responsibility]]]]。PRO 受 the chairman 控制。
题24 the chairman’s unwillingness to admit responsibility
属格变体：the chairman 作属格 DP（-‘s），被空 D 派属格；[PRO to admit responsibility] 是 CP 补语。对比23：the chairman 23 是 of-PP，24 是属格 DP。
题25 the decision by the chairman to admit responsibility
施事 by-phrase：the chairman 是施事，由 by 引入（by-phrase，按题元层级在最外层）；[PRO to admit responsibility] 是 CP 补语。骨架：[NP decision [PP by the chairman] [CP PRO to admit…]]。by-phrase 是施事，与 of-PP 的经验者/主题不同。
题26 the enemy’s surrender of the city to the allies
三论元名词：surrender 有施事 the enemy（属格）、THEME the city（of-PP）、GOAL the allies（to-PP）。按题元层级 THEME>GOAL>施事by-phrase：核心 NP 里 of the city 与 to the allies 合并；the enemy 作施事在 nP 外层 spec。属格由空 D 派。
题27 the surrender of the city to the allies by the enemy
多 specifier：原书提示 27/28/30 名词有三个内论元，其中两个作同一头的 specifier。the city（THEME）、the allies（GOAL）、the enemy（施事 by-phrase）。核心 NP 里 to the allies 先合，of the city 作内层 spec；by the enemy 作外层 spec（Chomsky 1995 多 specifier）。
题28 the city’s surrender to the allies by the enemy
属格 THEME：the city 作属格 DP（-‘s），升到 spec-DP；to the allies 是 GOAL PP；by the enemy 是施事。对比27：the city 27 是 of-PP（宾格），28 是属格 DP。
题29 the judge’s instruction to the jury to acquit the defendant
三论元＋控制不定式：instruction 有施事 the judge（属格）、接受者 to the jury（PP）、[PRO to acquit the defendant]（CP 补语）。the judge 属格由空 D 派；PRO 受 the judge/instruction 控制。
题30 the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories by the Israelis
三论元名词壳：withdrawal 有 THEME troops（of-PP）、SOURCE from the occupied territories（PP）、施事 by the Israelis。按题元层级：from… 先合（最低），of troops 作内层 spec，by the Israelis 作外层 spec（多 specifier）。与原书 §9.9 (120) Israel withdrawal of troops from… 同构。
Ex 9.2 逐句速查表
| 题 | 结构类型 | 斜体/主语格指派 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 increase | 作格 | the price 宾格（核心VP主语） |
| 2 sit | 及物作格 | him 宾格（核心VP主语） |
| 3 climb | 儿童及物作格 | me 宾格 |
| 4 make | 结果 | him 宾格（ECM） |
| 5 explain | 双补语 | the problem 宾格；to me PP |
| 6 show | 双宾/CP | her 宾格；CP补语 |
| 7 smuggle | 及物+处所 | drugs 宾格 |
| 8 remind | 宾控 | him 宾格；PRO受him控 |
| 9 jumped | 被动作格 | the horse 主格提升 |
| 10 ask | 宾控 | him 宾格；PRO受him控 |
| 11 prove | 及物+长附加 | prosecution 主格；CP命题 |
| 12 appear | 提升 | some evidence 提升主语 |
| 13 reported | 被动提升 | the police 提升主格 |
| 14 said | 被动提升虚主 | there EPP；several people 一致 |
| 15 thought | 被动提升 | several politicians 提升 |
| 16 said | 被动提升完成 | there EPP；several people |
| 17 are | there+名谓 | there 虚主；several people 谓语 |
| 18 seem | 提升+经验者 | me 经验者PP |
| 19 believe | ECM | there 宾格（ECM） |
| 20 prove | 复杂ECM | him 宾格ECM |
表9-Ex2 Ex 9.2 动词句速查
3Exercise 10.1 语段在推导中的作用
题干（原书页427）：讨论语段（phases）在下列句子推导中扮演的角色。
1 What is expected to happen to him?
2 What is it expected will happen to him?
3 What are you expecting will happen to him?
4 What is he expected to say to her?
5 What is it expected that he will say to her?
6 What are you expecting that he will say to her?
7 How many prizes are there expected to be awarded?
8 How many prizes are you expecting there to be awarded?
9 How many prizes are you expecting to be awarded?
10 How many questions have you found the answer to?
11 Who has done what?
12 Who has gone where?
2 What is it expected will happen to him?
3 What are you expecting will happen to him?
4 What is he expected to say to her?
5 What is it expected that he will say to her?
6 What are you expecting that he will say to her?
7 How many prizes are there expected to be awarded?
8 How many prizes are you expecting there to be awarded?
9 How many prizes are you expecting to be awarded?
10 How many questions have you found the answer to?
11 Who has done what?
12 Who has gone where?
原书12句
原书 helpful hints：7-10 把 how many prizes/how many questions/many questions 当 QP，many 是头、prizes/questions 是补语、how 是指示语。11、12 考虑 who 升到 spec-TP 如何解释与西语例句的语序差异。
题1 What is expected to happen to him?（原书给了 model answer）
思路：happen 非宾格，与 PP to him 合成 V-bar，再与 what 合成核心 VP；非及物轻动词（无外论元，不是 phase）。
What is expected to happen to him?（原书(iii)骨架）
model answer：happen 与 to him 合成 V-bar，与 what 合成 VP；非及物轻动词 v（非 phase、无 EPP），happen V→v。该 vP 与不定式 to 合成 T-bar [to [v ø+happen [VP what happen to him]]]。被动补语是残缺 TP（defective T=to，有 person/EPP、无 number），to 探针找到 what（格特征未估值、活跃），把 what 提到 spec-TP、值删 to 的 person/EPP。然后与动词 expect 合成 V-bar，expect 升到被动轻动词 v（PRT）。再与定式 T[BE] 合成 T-bar；BE 探针找到 what（活跃），一致、[EPP] 把 what 提到 spec-BE。最后与带 [TNS,WH,EPP] 的零 C 合并——C 吸引 what 到 spec-CP，但不触发 T-to-C（wh-主语问句不倒装，Pesetsky & Torrego 2001）。整句唯一 phase 是主句 CP；内嵌 vP/TP 因非及物/残缺而不是 phase，故 what 一路可见。
题2 What is it expected will happen to him?
there/虚主语插入：与题1不同，内嵌不定式换成定式从句 [it will happen to him]，虚主语 it 在 spec-TP。what 是 will happen 的宾语/补语。语段角色：内嵌 CP [that it will happen…] 是 phase，what 必须先落脚内嵌 spec-CP（连续循环），再被主句 C 吸引到 spec-CP。主句虚主语 it 满足 EPP。对比题1（无CP、残缺TP、what 直接提升）。
题3 What are you expecting will happen to him?
及物 matrix：expect 是及物动词，外论元 you 在 spec-vP（及物 vP 是 phase）。what 从内嵌 will happen 经内嵌 spec-CP，再经 matrix 及物 vP 的 outer spec-vP（因及物 vP 是 phase），再到 spec-CP。语段角色：matrix 及物 vP 是 phase，故 what 要先落 outer spec-vP；you 在 inner spec-vP 获主格。
题4 What is he expected to say to her?
被动提升 wh-主语：say 的宾语 what 被提问；he 是 expect 被动的提升主语（原 say 的主语）。what 从内嵌 [PRO/he say to her] 的宾语位，经残缺 TP 的 spec，再到主句 spec-CP。语段角色：内嵌不定式是残缺 TP（非 phase），what 直接被被动 expect 的 v 探针找到；主句 CP 是唯一 phase。
题5 What is it expected that he will say to her?
定式补语从句：内嵌是定式 CP [that he will say to her]，是 phase。what 从 say 的宾语位必须先落脚内嵌 spec-CP（that 的 [WH,EPP] 吸引），再到主句 spec-CP。虚主语 it 在主句 spec-TP。语段角色：内嵌 CP 是 phase，PIC 迫使 what 先停内嵌 spec-CP（edge），否则被 TP 域 Transfer 冻住。
题6 What are you expecting that he will say to her?
及物 matrix ＋ 定式内嵌CP：expect 及物（外论元 you，及物 vP 是 phase）；内嵌 that-CP 是 phase。what 连续循环：内嵌宾语 → 内嵌 spec-CP → matrix outer spec-vP（及物 vP edge）→ 主句 spec-CP。语段角色：两个 phase（内嵌 CP＋matrix vP）各贡献一个落脚。
题7 How many prizes are there expected to be awarded?
虚主语＋QP wh：how many prizes 是 QP（many 头、prizes 补语、how 指示语，原书提示）。there 虚主语 spec-TP；how many prizes 是 awarded 的逻辑宾语（被动）。语段角色：内嵌被动不定式是残缺 TP（非 phase），how many prizes 从 awarded 宾语位被 expected 的 v 探针提到 spec-TP，再到 spec-CP。there 满足 EPP。
题8 How many prizes are you expecting there to be awarded?
及物 matrix ＋ 虚主语内嵌：expect 及物（you 外论元，vP 是 phase）；内嵌不定式 there to be awarded… 是残缺 TP。how many prizes 从 awarded 宾语位 → 内嵌 spec-TP → matrix outer spec-vP（及物 vP edge）→ spec-CP。语段角色：matrix 及物 vP 是 phase，how many prizes 须先落 outer spec-vP。
题9 How many prizes are you expecting to be awarded?
无虚主语：与8不同，内嵌没有 there——how many prizes 同时作 expecting 的宾语提升目标与 awarded 的逻辑主语。语段角色：expect 及物 vP 是 phase，how many prizes 从 awarded 经内嵌残缺 TP spec，落 matrix outer spec-vP，再升 spec-CP。对比8（there 占 spec-TP，how many prizes 另走 outer spec-vP）。
题10 How many questions have you found the answer to?
介词搁置/提取 NP：the answer to how many questions 里，how many questions 是介词 to 的补语被提取。语段角色：found 及物（vP 是 phase），how many questions 从 PP to 的补语位，经 outer spec-vP，再升 spec-CP；介词 to 搁置（stranding）在原位。
题11 Who has done what?
多疑问：两个 wh——who（主语）与 what（宾语）。按原书提示，who 升到 spec-TP（主语位），what 升到 spec-CP。语段角色：及物 vP 是 phase，what 先落 outer spec-vP（宾语被派宾格、删格特征，只 A-bar 活跃），再升 spec-CP；who 有未估值格，被 T 探针作 A-移位升到 spec-TP 获主格。这解释了西语多疑问的语序（原书正文 §10.9）。
题12 Who has gone where?
非宾格多疑问：go 非宾格，where 是 goal 补语。who 是主语（主格，spec-TP），where 是 goal wh（spec-CP）。语段角色：非及物 vP 不是 phase（无外论元），where 不必落 spec-vP，直接被 C 探针吸引到 spec-CP；who 作主语被 T 提升到 spec-TP。对比题11（及物 done，what 须落 spec-vP）。
Ex 10.1 逐句速查表
| 题 | 结构 | 语段/落脚要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 What is expected to happen… | 残缺TP内嵌 | 唯一phase=主句CP；wh不倒装 |
| 2 What is it expected will… | 定式内嵌CP | 内嵌CP是phase，wh先落内嵌spec-CP |
| 3 What are you expecting will… | 及物matrix+定式CP | matrix vP+内嵌CP双phase |
| 4 What is he expected to say… | 被动提升wh | 内嵌残缺TP，wh直接提升 |
| 5 What is it expected that… | 定式内嵌CP | 内嵌CP是PIC，wh先停spec-CP |
| 6 What are you expecting that… | 及物+定式CP | 双phase：内嵌CP+matrix vP |
| 7 How many prizes are there… | 虚主语QP | 残缺TP内嵌，there=EPP |
| 8 How many prizes are you expecting there… | 及物+虚主内嵌 | wh落matrix outer spec-vP |
| 9 How many prizes are you expecting… | 及物无虚主 | wh落outer spec-vP |
| 10 How many questions…answer to | 介词搁置 | wh从PP补语提取，to搁置 |
| 11 Who has done what? | 及物多疑问 | who→spec-TP(主格)，what→spec-vP→spec-CP |
| 12 Who has gone where? | 非宾格多疑问 | 非及物vP非phase，where直接spec-CP |
表10-Ex1 Ex 10.1 速查
4Exercise 10.2 连续循环 wh 与语段（含方言/儿童英语）
题干（原书页429）：讨论下列句子的推导，特别标出有趣之处。注意 3b 与 6a,b 是非标准英语。并说明 8a 为何标准英语病句、8b 为何对「定式从句皆 CP」的语段句法有问题。9-12 改编自 Thornton(1995) 儿童英语。
1a He is someone who/whom I believe has left
1b He is someone who/whom it is believed has left
2a *They claim him to have died
2b These are the people [who Clark thinks are telling the truth]
3a *Who were you asking what happened to?
4a *What were you asking happened to him?
5a Who was expected to present the prizes?
5b *Who was decided to present the prizes? (= Who was it decided should present…?)
6a Who d’ya reckon that/what that seen ‘im? (= Who d’you think saw him?)
6b Who d’ye reckon that/what ‘e seen? (= Who d’you think that he saw?)
7a How little honesty there is in the world!
7b *How little honesty is there in the world!
8a %What is thought has happened to him?（BBC Radio 5 Live）
8b There look like there have been some problems
1b He is someone who/whom it is believed has left
2a *They claim him to have died
2b These are the people [who Clark thinks are telling the truth]
3a *Who were you asking what happened to?
4a *What were you asking happened to him?
5a Who was expected to present the prizes?
5b *Who was decided to present the prizes? (= Who was it decided should present…?)
6a Who d’ya reckon that/what that seen ‘im? (= Who d’you think saw him?)
6b Who d’ye reckon that/what ‘e seen? (= Who d’you think that he saw?)
7a How little honesty there is in the world!
7b *How little honesty is there in the world!
8a %What is thought has happened to him?（BBC Radio 5 Live）
8b There look like there have been some problems
原书1a-8b
9 Which dinosaur that Grover didn’t ride on?
10 Which mouse what the cat didn’t see?
11 Which animal do you think what was chasing the cat?
12 Which Smurf do you think who was chasing the cat?
10 Which mouse what the cat didn’t see?
11 Which animal do you think what was chasing the cat?
12 Which Smurf do you think who was chasing the cat?
原书9-12 儿童英语
原书 helpful hints：2a/2b 看关系从句。2 考虑 claim（主动）选带空不定式标句词的 CP（无格指派能力）。3b 是 Kimball & Aissen(1971) 东北美英语，不及物动词主语提升与关系代词一致。4a 把 who 当 to 的补语。6a/b 是口语英国英语，考虑 what 经 vP-spec 再到主句 spec-TP，以及是否要跟 Uriagereka(2001) 归因 Improper Movement Constraint（禁止 A-bar→A 位）。8a 标准英语病句的原因。9-10 假设 didn’t 是内在否定助动词、在 T 位。11-12 假设中间 C 带 [EPP]，与从句主语在数/性上一致。
题1a He is someone who/whom I believe has left（原书给了 model answer）
思路：费解处在于 wh 代词为何能以宾格 whom 出现——它本是 has left 的主语（应主格 who）。
He is someone whom I believe has left：wh 经 spec-vP 被及物 believe 派宾格（原书(v)）
model answer：leave 非宾格，关系代词 who 作内论元合并成 VP leave who；与强轻动词合并，leave V→v；与助动词 have 合成 T-bar [have [v leave [VP leave who]]]。T have 的未估值 person/number 探针找到 who（格未估值、活跃），一致、本应把 who 值成主格——但假设这不发生。相反，T 的 [EPP] 把 who 提到 spec-TP。[TP who [T has] [v leave [VP leave who]]]。然后 TP 与带 [WH,EPP] 的 C 合并，who 被吸引到 spec-CP（CP 是 phase，TP 域 Transfer）。[CP who C e [TP who has left who]]。这个 CP 作 believe 的补语，与及物轻动词合并（外论元 I），believe V→v。及物轻动词 ø 带未估值 person/number，与 who 一致并给它派例外宾格——who 的格尚未被值（主格一致没发生），故正式拼作 whom、非正式拼作 who。若轻动词还带 [WH,EPP]，who 再作外层 spec-vP。关键：被提取的 wh 经 spec-vP 触发连续循环。（Bejar & Massam 1999 匈牙利语 Kiket mondtad hogy szeretnél ha eljönnék? 显示移位链上不同环节可派不同格。）
题1b He is someone who/whom it is believed has left
被动 believe：believe 被动，it 是虚主语（提升结构）。whom/who 同样经内嵌 has left 的主语位 → 内嵌 spec-CP → 被动 believe 的 vP edge。被动后无施事，wh 的格由内嵌 C/被动结构决定； whom 形式与1a平行。语段角色：内嵌 CP 是 phase，wh 连续循环。
题2a *They claim him to have died
病句错因：claim（主动）选的是带空不定式标句词的 CP，该空 C 没有格指派能力（原书提示）。若硬塞 him（宾格）作不定式主语，him 无处获格——空 C 不派宾格、又不是 ECM 动词。修法：claim 只能选 that-从句或控制不定式：They claim [that he has died] / They claim [PRO to have died]。这与 believe（ECM，可派宾格 him）形成对立。
题2b These are the people [who Clark thinks are telling the truth]
合法关系从句：who 是 are telling 的主语，从内嵌主语位经内嵌 spec-CP（thinks 的补语 CP 是 phase）连续循环到关系从句 spec-CP。Clark 是 thinks 的主语。语段角色：内嵌 CP 是 phase，who 先落脚内嵌 spec-CP。
题3a *Who were you asking what happened to?
病句错因：who 是 to 的补语（to who=to whom），what 是 happened 的主语。两个 wh 短语争夺——who 从介词 to 的补语位提取，但 what 已占内嵌 spec-CP（happened 的主语 wh），who 无法再落脚同一 spec-CP（一个 spec-CP 一个 wh）。修法：换成 To whom were you asking what happened? 或重述。（3b 方言允许不同，见原书。）
题4a *What were you asking happened to him?
病句错因：what 是 happened 的主语（内嵌 wh-主语），却被提到主句 spec-CP，越过 you asking；内嵌 happened 的主语 wh 与主句提取冲突。原书提示把 who/what 当 to 的补语。修法：标准英语病句——内嵌 wh 主语 what 不能同时被提取到主句 spec-CP（内层 wh 已占内嵌 spec-CP，外层 wh 无处落脚）。
题5a Who was expected to present the prizes?
合法提升被动：who 是 to present the prizes 的逻辑主语，被被动 expected 提升到 spec-TP 获主格。expected 是提升动词，补语是残缺不定式 TP（非 phase），who 直接提升。语段角色：内嵌残缺 TP 非 phase，who 一路可见。
题5b *Who was decided to present the prizes?
病句错因：decide 是控制动词（It was decided that…），不是提升动词——它没有提升补语，不能把内嵌不定式主语提升到主句 spec-TP。对比5a expected（提升）合法。修法：必须用虚主语外置：Who was it decided should present the prizes?（＝题注给的合法版）。这是提升 vs 控制动词的词汇差异。
题6a Who d’ya reckon that/what that seen ‘im?（口语英）
方言 wh-copy/that 替换：= Who d’you think saw him?。口语里 reckon 的补语标句词是 what（非 that），且中间 C 带 [WH]。who 从 saw 的主语位，经内嵌 vP-spec（reckon 及物）再到主句 spec-CP。原书提示可跟 Uriagereka(2001) 的 Improper Movement Constraint——禁止从 A-bar 位（spec-vP）再移到 A 位（spec-TP）；方言允许这种 what 作中间 C。
题6b Who d’ye reckon that/what ‘e seen?（口语英）
方言 wh-copy：= Who d’you think that he saw?。who 是 seen 的宾语，从宾语位经及物 vP 的 outer spec-vP（被派宾格、删格特征，只 A-bar 活跃），再经中间 C（what/that）到主句 spec-CP。’e=he 是内嵌从句主语。与6a对照：6a who 是主语（A-移位），6b who 是宾语（A-bar 移位经 spec-vP）。
题7a How little honesty there is in the world!
合法感叹句：感叹句 how little honesty 是焦点，在 spec-CP；there 是虚主语 spec-TP，is 在 T。感叹句不倒装（wh 是感叹算子，不引 T-to-C），故 there 在 is 前。
题7b *How little honesty is there in the world!
病句错因：感叹句里把 there-is 倒装了（is there），但感叹句的 wh-算子不触发 T-to-C 倒装（对比疑问句 How little honesty is there? 倒装合法）。感叹句 C 无 affixal Tns，不吸引 be 上升。修法：用 there is（不倒装，＝7a）。
题8a %What is thought has happened to him?（BBC）
%方言：标准英语病句。标准英语里 thought 后应是 [CP what [C e] [TP has happened…]]，what 是 has happened 的主语，经内嵌 spec-CP 提升；但主句 is thought 的 be 与内嵌 has 两个定式动词相邻，缺一个标句词/主语层。方言 BBC 允许这种「双重定式」嫁接（what 同时作 is thought 的宾语与 has happened 的主语），标准英语不允许。语段问题：标准英语假设所有定式从句都是 CP（phase），what 必须经内嵌 spec-CP；这种方言句跳过了中间层，对 PIC 构成挑战。
题8b There look like there have been some problems
对语段句法的挑战：look like 后接不定式/从句，there 既是 look 的虚主语（主句 spec-TP）又是 like 补语的虚主语。若所有定式从句都是 CP（phase），内嵌 there have been… 的 TP 域应 Transfer，主句探针 look 看不到内嵌 there；但本句两个 there 同指、一致（look/look like），说明内嵌 TP 对主句可见——这与「定式从句皆 CP（phase）」冲突。开放问题：缺陷 CP/残缺子句假说。
题9 Which dinosaur that Grover didn’t ride on?（儿童英语）
儿童英语：which dinosaur 是 wh 焦点，that 是关系/补语标句词；didn’t 在 T 位（原书提示，内在否定助动词）。儿童把 that 当 wh-marked C（带 [WH,EPP]），吸引 which dinosaur 到中间 spec-CP，再到句首。ride on 的 on 搁置。
题10 Which mouse what the cat didn’t see?（儿童英语）
儿童 wh-copy：句首 which mouse 是外层 wh，中间 what 是儿童留在内嵌 spec-CP 的 overt wh-copy（Ros Thornton 观察）。the cat 是内嵌从句主语，didn’t see 是动词。what 作中间 C 的 overt 拷贝，证明 wh 经过内嵌 spec-CP。
题11 Which animal do you think what was chasing the cat?（儿童英语）
儿童 wh-copy：which animal 外层，what 是内嵌 spec-CP 的 overt 拷贝；was chasing 的主语是 which animal。原书提示假设中间 C 带 [EPP]，与从句主语在数/性一致。儿童在每个中间 CP 句首都留 overt wh-copy，证明连续循环。
题12 Which Smurf do you think who was chasing the cat?（儿童英语）
儿童 wh-copy：which Smurf 外层，who 是内嵌 spec-CP 的 overt 拷贝（与11的 what 交替）。儿童在中间 spec-CP 留 overt wh（who/what），成人则删除该拷贝。这直接证明长距离 wh 移位经过中间 spec-CP。
Ex 10.2 逐句速查表
| 题 | 判定 | 要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 1a whom I believe has left | 合法 | wh 经 spec-vP 被 believe 派宾格 |
| 1b whom it is believed… | 合法 | 被动 believe，wh 连续循环 |
| 2a *claim him to have died | 病句 | claim 空C不派格，him 无处获格 |
| 2b who Clark thinks are… | 合法 | 关系从句，wh 经内嵌 spec-CP |
| 3a *Who were you asking what…to | 病句 | 双 wh 争一个 spec-CP |
| 4a *What were you asking happened… | 病句 | 内嵌 wh 主语无法外提 |
| 5a Who was expected to… | 合法 | 提升被动，残缺 TP 非phase |
| 5b *Who was decided to… | 病句 | decide 是控制动词非提升 |
| 6a/b 方言 reckon | 方言 | wh-copy/that 替换，Improper Movement |
| 7a/b | 合法/病句 | 感叹句不倒装（there is） |
| 8a %What is thought has… | %方言 | 标准英语病句，挑战定式=CP |
| 8b There look like there… | 有问题 | 挑战「定式从句皆CP」 |
| 9-12 儿童英语 | 儿童语料 | 中间 spec-CP 留 overt wh-copy |
表10-Ex2 Ex 10.2 速查
Noscit 句法研习 · MP 系列
