GERMANIC ROOT · N052 · 日耳曼字根
milk / milk乳 · 奶 · 挤奶
PIE root *h₂melǵ- 「to milk, wipe」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧根 *h₂melǵ-「挤奶、擦拭」,英语 milk、拉丁 mulgēre、希腊 amélgein 本是一家。
*h₂melǵ- → PGmc *meluks → OE meolc
milk
本族同根:milky · milkshake · mildew(详见本页)
*h₂melǵ- → Latin mulgēre「to milk」
mulg-L 篇待补
mulgēre;本批拉丁字根页暂无专页
*h₂melǵ- → Greek amélgein「to milk」
amelg-G 篇待补
本批希腊字根页暂无专页
最远同源可溯至拉丁 mulgēre、希腊 amélgein、古教会斯拉夫 mlězdo。
词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS
milk 兼作名词与弱变化动词,不靠 Ablaut;其词族由 milk 加成分扩展。
名词
meolc
「奶」
milk:牛奶、乳汁
动词(弱)
milcan
「挤奶」
milk(动):挤奶、榨取
形容词
milky
「奶的」
Milky Way:银河(「奶色之路」)
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从 *h₂melǵ- 到现代 milk 词族,关键语音变化。
①元音交替 eo/i
古英语双形 meolc / milc;现代取短 i 形:milk /mɪlk/。
②词尾 -k
PIE 软腭音 *ǵ 经格林定律变为日耳曼 -k:milk /mɪlk/(对比拉丁 mulgēre 保留 g)。
③mildew 的 -dew
古英语 mealdeāw「霉」(meal「粉」+ dew「露」),与 milk 仅形近、词源不同,勿混。
④-y 形容词
milk + -y → milky「奶白色的」;Milky Way 直译「奶色路」即银河。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
milk 是名词兼弱变化动词,无 Ablaut。
名词 NOUN
milk
OE meolc「奶」
动词 VERB
milk · milked
「挤奶」(弱变化)
形容词
milky
「奶色的」
拼写演变 · 文献证据
| 词 | 古英语 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 奶 | meolc · milc | milk · melk | milk |
| 挤奶 | meolcian | milken | milk(动) |
三个关键事实:① milk 既是「奶」又是「挤奶」;② Milky Way「银河」直译「奶色之路」(与拉丁语 via lactea 同义);③ milk 作动词引申「榨取、利用」(milk a company for profit)。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
milk 各义由「乳汁」逐级引申。
→
→
→
类型学验证 · 「挤奶 → 榨取」
「挤奶」引申「榨取、盘剥」是跨语言隐喻:汉语说「榨干」「吮血」,英语 milk (a company / a sponsor) for all it’s worth 同理。
奶 / 挤奶
古英语 meolc「奶」< PGmc *meluks < PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 奶,乳,乳汁 动 挤奶,榨取
衍
milky adj 奶色的 milkshake n 奶昔 milkman n 送奶工
Milky Way n 银河 breast milk n 母乳 milk powder n 奶粉 soy milk n 豆浆
▪ She drinks a glass of milk every morning.
她每天早上喝一杯牛奶。
▪ The farmer went to milk the cows before dawn.
农夫黎明前去挤牛奶。
▪ A cloud of stars makes up the Milky Way.
繁星构成了银河。
▪ They milked the event for all the publicity it could give.
他们尽可能利用这活动来做宣传。
乳 / 形容词
milk(meolc)+ -y
形 乳状的,乳白色的,含奶的
▪ The milky sky looked soft before the rain.
乳白色的天空在雨前显得柔和。
▪ She prefers her coffee milky and sweet.
她喜欢咖啡加奶加糖。
▪ The milky sap of the plant can irritate skin.
这种植物的乳白色汁液会刺激皮肤。
▪ A milky glow spread across the morning sky.
一抹乳白色的光晕漫过早空。
母乳
古英语 milk 家族:milk(母乳);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 母乳
▪ The breast milk is widely used in this kind of work.
母乳在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the breast milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把母乳放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the breast milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把母乳搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable breast milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的母乳。
丰饶;富饶之地
古英语 milk 家族:milk(奶与蜜);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
副 丰饶;富饶之地
▪ The team milk and honey finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前丰饶完成了任务。
▪ She milk and honey checked the results and then signed the form.
她丰饶核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were milk and honey changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被丰饶修改了。
▪ He spoke milk and honey so that everyone could understand.
他丰饶发言,好让每个人都听懂。
牛奶盒;奶箱
古英语 milk 家族:milk(盛奶之盒);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 牛奶盒;奶箱
▪ The milk carton is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶盒在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milk carton in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶盒放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milk carton to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶盒搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milk carton at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶盒。
牛奶巧克力
古英语 milk 家族:milk(加奶巧克力);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 牛奶巧克力
▪ The milk chocolate is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶巧克力在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milk chocolate in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶巧克力放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milk chocolate to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶巧克力搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milk chocolate at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶巧克力。
奶粉
古英语 milk 家族:milk(脱水奶粉);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 奶粉
▪ The milk powder is widely used in this kind of work.
奶粉在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milk powder in a safe place after use.
用后请把奶粉放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milk powder to the entrance of the building.
团队把奶粉搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milk powder at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的奶粉。
乳牙;乳齿
古英语 milk 家族:milk(幼时乳齿);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 乳牙;乳齿
▪ The milk tooth is widely used in this kind of work.
乳牙在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milk tooth in a safe place after use.
用后请把乳牙放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milk tooth to the entrance of the building.
团队把乳牙搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milk tooth at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的乳牙。
挤奶(过去式/过分)
古英语 milk 家族:milk(曾挤奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
形 挤奶(过去式/过分)
▪ The new rule will be milked for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是挤奶。
▪ They considered the plan milked after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是挤奶。
▪ The manager gave a milked answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个挤奶的答复。
▪ Every solution must be milked before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是挤奶的。
挤奶者;挤奶器;乳牛
古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之人/器);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 挤奶者;挤奶器;乳牛
▪ The milker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位挤奶者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained milker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的挤奶者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced milker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的挤奶者。
▪ The milker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,挤奶者回答了记者的提问。
挤奶;adj. 产奶的
古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之中);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 挤奶;adj. 产奶的
▪ The whole milking took several hours to complete.
整个挤奶过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper milking is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的挤奶至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of milking with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了挤奶的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the milking.
经理就挤奶写了一份清晰的报告。
挤奶女工;牧场女工
古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之女);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 挤奶女工;牧场女工
▪ The milkmaid is widely used in this kind of work.
挤奶女工在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milkmaid in a safe place after use.
用后请把挤奶女工放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milkmaid to the entrance of the building.
团队把挤奶女工搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milkmaid at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的挤奶女工。
送奶工;卖奶人
古英语 milk 家族:milk(送奶之人);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 送奶工;卖奶人
▪ The milkman is widely used in this kind of work.
送奶工在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milkman in a safe place after use.
用后请把送奶工放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milkman to the entrance of the building.
团队把送奶工搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milkman at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的送奶工。
挤奶(三单);n. 奶
古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
动 挤奶(三单);n. 奶
▪ The manager decided to milks the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前挤奶这个问题。
▪ She will milks the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去挤奶这项任务。
▪ They need to milks the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要挤奶这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to milks the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就挤奶了计划。
奶昔
古英语 milk 家族:milk(摇匀之奶饮);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 奶昔
▪ The milkshake is widely used in this kind of work.
奶昔在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milkshake in a safe place after use.
用后请把奶昔放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milkshake to the entrance of the building.
团队把奶昔搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milkshake at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的奶昔。
马利筋;乳草
古英语 milk 家族:milk(含白浆之草);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
形 马利筋;乳草
▪ The new rule will be milkweed for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是马利筋。
▪ They considered the plan milkweed after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是马利筋。
▪ The manager gave a milkweed answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个马利筋的答复。
▪ Every solution must be milkweed before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是马利筋的。
脱脂奶
古英语 milk 家族:milk(撇去脂肪之奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 脱脂奶
▪ The skim milk is widely used in this kind of work.
脱脂奶在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the skim milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把脱脂奶放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the skim milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把脱脂奶搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable skim milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的脱脂奶。
全脂奶
古英语 milk 家族:milk(未脱脂之奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 全脂奶
▪ The whole milk is widely used in this kind of work.
全脂奶在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the whole milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把全脂奶放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the whole milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把全脂奶搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable whole milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的全脂奶。
sop 浸奶面包
懦弱的人;懦夫
古英语 milk 家族:milk + sop 浸奶面包(懦弱的人;懦夫);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 懦弱的人;懦夫
▪ The milksop arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位懦弱的人比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained milksop knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的懦弱的人知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced milksop for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的懦弱的人。
▪ The milksop answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,懦弱的人回答了记者的提问。
tooth
乳齿
古英语 milk 家族:milk + tooth(乳齿);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 乳齿
▪ The milktooth is widely used in this kind of work.
乳齿在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milktooth in a safe place after use.
用后请把乳齿放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milktooth to the entrance of the building.
团队把乳齿搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milktooth at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的乳齿。
chocolate
牛奶巧克力
古英语 milk 家族:milk + chocolate(牛奶巧克力);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
名 牛奶巧克力
▪ The milkchocolate is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶巧克力在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the milkchocolate in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶巧克力放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the milkchocolate to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶巧克力搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable milkchocolate at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶巧克力。
传播,宣传;颁布,公布
古英语 milk 家族:milk(传播,宣传;颁布,公布);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」
动 传播,宣传;颁布,公布
▪ The manager decided to promulgate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前传播这个问题。
▪ She will promulgate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去传播这项任务。
▪ They need to promulgate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要传播这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to promulgate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就传播了计划。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *h₂melǵ-(to milk, wipe)
│
└─ PGmc *meluks ── OE meolc ── milk
├─ milky ── Milky Way
├─ milkshake · milkman · breast milk
└─ 动:挤奶 → 榨取
(拉丁 mulgēre「挤奶」、希腊 amélgein「挤奶」同根,本批无专页)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
带星号 *h₂melǵ-、*meluks 为构拟形;meolc、milc 是古英语真实形式。
本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠。
milk 是前 1000 高频名词;milky、Milky Way 常见。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
*h₂melǵ-「挤奶」在拉丁、希腊都有整齐对应。
LATIN 拉丁
mulgēre「to milk」
mulgēre「挤奶」与英语 milk 同根;英语无直接常用后代词。
GREEK 希腊
amélgein「to milk」
amélgein「挤奶」,前缀 a- 强化;与日耳曼 milk 同源。
Galaxy
希腊 galaxias「奶色的(环)」,galact- 即「奶」,与 milk 同概念不同根
mildew 勿混
mildew「霉」= meal(粉)+ dew(露),与 milk 词源无关
外围日耳曼
德语 Milch「奶」· 荷兰语 melk
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *h₂melǵ-
同一个 PIE *h₂melǵ-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:
L · 拉丁 mulgēre(待补)
G · 希腊 amélgein(待补)

