日耳曼字根 N53 · yeast:酵母·发酵(PIE *yes-)

GERMANIC ROOT · N053 · 日耳曼字根

yeast / yeast酵母 · 发酵 · 泡沫

PIE root *yes- 「to boil, foam, ferment」

语源:日耳曼本族名词(非借词)
古英语 gist/yst「酵母、泡沫」
共时词族:1 词(衍生少)

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

同一个印欧根 *yes-「沸腾、起泡」,英语 yeast 与希腊 zein「煮、沸」本是一家。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

*yes- → PGmc *jestijaz → OE gist

yeast

本族同根:yeasty(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

*yes- → 拉丁无常用后代词

—L 篇待补

本批拉丁字根页暂无对应专页

G · GREEK 希腊

*yes- → Greek zein「to boil, ferment」

zest-G 篇待补

zestos「boiled」;注意 G150 zeal 是 zēlos「热忱」,不同源

词源要点:yeast 本义是「沸腾时泛起的泡沫、酵母」——酿酒、发面时那层白沫正是 *yes-「沸、泡」。希腊 zein「煮、沸」与 yeast 同根。

最远同源可溯至希腊 zein「沸腾」、立陶宛 jaisu「我发酵」。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

yeast 是名词,不靠 Ablaut;词族极简单。

名词

gist

「泡沫、酵母」

yeast:酵母

形容词

yeasty

「发酵的、起泡沫的」

yeasty:发酵的;动荡的

复合

yeast extract

「酵母提取物」

现代食品/生物学术语

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 *yes- 到现代 yeast,关键语音变化。

①词首 g→y

古英语词首 g-(在前元音前)腭化为 y-:gist → yeast /jiːst/。

②元音大推移 /iː/

长 e 经大推移高化为 /iː/:yeast /jiːst/。

③-st 词尾

词根 *yes- 加日耳曼形容词后缀 -tijaz,现代 -st 保留:yeast。

④zest 勿混

现代英语 zest「热情、柑橘皮」借自法语 zeste,与 yeast「发酵」仅形近、词源无关。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

yeast 是名词,其派生简单。

名词 NOUN

yeast

OE gist「酵母」

形容词

yeasty

「发酵的」

复合(现代)

yeast extract

食品/生物术语

拼写演变 · 文献证据

词 古英语 中古英语 现代
酵母 gist · yst yeest · yest yeast

三个关键事实:① yeast 本义「发酵泡沫」;② 与希腊 zein「沸」同根;③ 现代派生极少,多为食品学术语。

-yyeasty「发酵的、起泡沫的」
brewer’s yeast啤酒酵母
yeast infection酵母菌感染

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

yeast 各义由「发酵泡沫」引申。

沸腾的泡沫

OE

→

酵母(微生物)

ME

→

(比喻)动荡、活力

yeasty
习语:yeasty dough「发酵的面团」· brewer’s yeast「啤酒酵母」· yeast infection「酵母菌感染」· yeasty youth「躁动的青年」。

同形辨析 · yeast 与 zest/zeal

yeast「酵母」出自 *yes-「沸、泡」;zest「热情、柑橘皮」借自法语;zeal「热忱」出自希腊 zēlos。三者仅形近,词源各不相同。

yeast/jiːst/B
yeast

酵母 / 发酵

古英语 gist「泡沫、酵母」< PGmc *jestijaz < PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母,发酵粉,泡沫

衍

yeasty adj 发酵的,起泡沫的 brewer’s yeast n 啤酒酵母

yeast infection n 酵母菌感染 yeast extract n 酵母提取物

▪ Bread rises because yeast makes the dough bubble.
面包发起来,是因为酵母让面团起泡。

▪ The baker added fresh yeast to the warm milk.
面包师把新鲜酵母加入温牛奶里。

▪ Beer is made with hops, water, and yeast.
啤酒由啤酒花、水和酵母酿成。

▪ A little yeast is enough to start the dough rising.
一点点酵母就足以让面团发起。

active yeast/ˈæktɪv jiːst/C
yeast

活性酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(有活力之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 活性酵母

▪ The active yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
活性酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the active yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把活性酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the active yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把活性酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable active yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的活性酵母。

baker’s yeast/ˈbeɪkərz jiːst/C
yeast

面包酵母;发面酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(发面之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 面包酵母;发面酵母

▪ The baker’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
面包酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the baker’s yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the baker’s yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable baker’s yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包酵母。

brewer’s yeast/ˈbruːərz jiːst/C
yeast

啤酒酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酿酒之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 啤酒酵母

▪ The brewer’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
啤酒酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the brewer’s yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把啤酒酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the brewer’s yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把啤酒酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable brewer’s yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的啤酒酵母。

dry yeast/ˈdraɪ jiːst/C
yeast

干酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(脱水酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 干酵母

▪ The dry yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
干酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the dry yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把干酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the dry yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把干酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable dry yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的干酵母。

instant yeast/ˈɪnstənt jiːst/C
yeast

即发酵母;快速酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(快速发酵酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 即发酵母;快速酵母

▪ The instant yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
即发酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the instant yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把即发酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the instant yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把即发酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable instant yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的即发酵母。

nutritional yeast/nuˈtrɪʃənl jiːst/C
yeast

营养酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(营养强化酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 营养酵母

▪ The nutritional yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
营养酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the nutritional yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把营养酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the nutritional yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把营养酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable nutritional yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的营养酵母。

wild yeast/ˈwaɪld jiːst/C
yeast

野生酵母;天然酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(天然存在之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 野生酵母;天然酵母

▪ The wild yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
野生酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the wild yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把野生酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the wild yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把野生酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable wild yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的野生酵母。

yeast bread/ˈjiːst bred/C
yeast

发酵面包

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母发酵之面包);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 发酵面包

▪ The yeast bread is widely used in this kind of work.
发酵面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把发酵面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把发酵面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的发酵面包。

yeast cake/ˈjiːst keɪk/C
yeast

酵母饼;鲜酵母块

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(块状酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母饼;鲜酵母块

▪ The yeast cake is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母饼在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast cake in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母饼放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast cake to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母饼搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast cake at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母饼。

yeast cell/ˈjiːst sel/C
yeast

酵母菌细胞

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母之细胞);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母菌细胞

▪ The yeast cell is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母菌细胞在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast cell in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母菌细胞放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast cell to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母菌细胞搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast cell at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母菌细胞。

yeast dough/ˈjiːst doʊ/C
yeast

发酵面团

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母面团);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 发酵面团

▪ The yeast dough is widely used in this kind of work.
发酵面团在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast dough in a safe place after use.
用后请把发酵面团放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast dough to the entrance of the building.
团队把发酵面团搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast dough at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的发酵面团。

yeast extract/ˈjiːst ɪkstrækt/C
yeast

酵母提取物;酵母精

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母浓缩物);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母提取物;酵母精

▪ The yeast extract is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母提取物在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast extract in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母提取物放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast extract to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母提取物搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast extract at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母提取物。

yeast fermentation/ˈjiːst fɜːrmenˈteɪʃn/C
yeast

酵母发酵

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母之发酵);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母发酵

▪ The yeast fermentation is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母发酵在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast fermentation in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母发酵放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast fermentation to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母发酵搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast fermentation at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母发酵。

yeast infection/ˈjiːst ɪnfekʃn/C
yeast

酵母菌感染

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母过度繁殖之感染);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母菌感染

▪ The yeast infection is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母菌感染在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast infection in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母菌感染放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast infection to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母菌感染搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast infection at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母菌感染。

yeast starter/ˈjiːst stɑːrtər/C
yeast

酵母种;酵头

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(发酵引子);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母种;酵头

▪ The yeast starter is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母种在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeast starter in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母种放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeast starter to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母种搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeast starter at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母种。

yeasts/jiːsts/C
yeast

酵母(复数/种类)

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(多种酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 酵母(复数/种类)

▪ The yeasts is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the yeasts in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the yeasts to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable yeasts at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母。

baker yeastC
yeast

面包酵母,发面酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(面包酵母,发面酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 面包酵母,发面酵母

衍

日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校

▪ The baker yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
面包酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the baker yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the baker yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable baker yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包酵母。

brewer yeastC
yeast

啤酒酵母

古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(啤酒酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」

名 啤酒酵母

衍

日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校

▪ The brewer yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
啤酒酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the brewer yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把啤酒酵母放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the brewer yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把啤酒酵母搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable brewer yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的啤酒酵母。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PIE *yes-(to boil, foam, ferment)
│
└─ PGmc *jestijaz ── OE gist ── yeast
     └─ yeasty · brewer's yeast · yeast extract
(希腊 zein「沸腾」同根,本批无专页;zest/zeal 不同源)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

带星号 *yes-、*jestijaz 为构拟形;gist、yst 是古英语真实形式。

入英年代

本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠。

频率与地位

yeast 中频,集中于烘焙、酿造、生物语境。

三重证据法:古英语 g→y 腭化 → 跨语言对音(希腊 zein)→ 古英语文献年代。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

*yes-「沸、泡」在希腊一支保留最清楚。

GREEK 希腊

zein「to boil」

zein「煮、沸」→ zestos「煮沸的」;与英语 yeast「发酵泡沫」同根。

NOTE 辨析

zeal / zest 勿混

zeal(希腊 zēlos「热忱」)、zest(法语「柑橘皮」)与 yeast 均不同源。

barm

「啤酒泡沫、酵母」是 *bhreu- 一支,与 yeast 同义不同根

leaven

「发酵剂」借自拉丁 levare「举起」,指面团被气泡顶起,与 yeast 概念相关

外围日耳曼

德语 Gest「酵母、泡沫」· 荷兰语 gist

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 19 词)
yeast/jiːst/
n. 酵母;发酵粉;泡沫
源gist<*yes-
构yeast(沸腾泡沫)
链泡沫→酵母
例fresh yeast。
active yeast/ˈæktɪv jiːst/
名 活性酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链有活力之酵母
例The active yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

baker’s yeast/ˈbeɪkərz jiːst/
名 面包酵母;发面酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链发面之酵母
例The baker’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

brewer’s yeast/ˈbruːərz jiːst/
名 啤酒酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链酿酒之酵母
例The brewer’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

dry yeast/ˈdraɪ jiːst/
名 干酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链脱水酵母
例The dry yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

instant yeast/ˈɪnstənt jiːst/
名 即发酵母;快速酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链快速发酵酵母
例The instant yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

nutritional yeast/nuˈtrɪʃənl jiːst/
名 营养酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链营养强化酵母
例The nutritional yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

wild yeast/ˈwaɪld jiːst/
名 野生酵母;天然酵母
源yeast
构yeast
链天然存在之酵母
例The wild yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast bread/ˈjiːst bred/
名 发酵面包
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母发酵之面包
例The yeast bread is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast cake/ˈjiːst keɪk/
名 酵母饼;鲜酵母块
源yeast
构yeast
链块状酵母
例The yeast cake is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast cell/ˈjiːst sel/
名 酵母菌细胞
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母之细胞
例The yeast cell is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast dough/ˈjiːst doʊ/
名 发酵面团
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母面团
例The yeast dough is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast extract/ˈjiːst ɪkstrækt/
名 酵母提取物;酵母精
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母浓缩物
例The yeast extract is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast fermentation/ˈjiːst fɜːrmenˈteɪʃn/
名 酵母发酵
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母之发酵
例The yeast fermentation is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast infection/ˈjiːst ɪnfekʃn/
名 酵母菌感染
源yeast
构yeast
链酵母过度繁殖之感染
例The yeast infection is widely used in this kind of work.

yeast starter/ˈjiːst stɑːrtər/
名 酵母种;酵头
源yeast
构yeast
链发酵引子
例The yeast starter is widely used in this kind of work.

yeasts/jiːsts/
名 酵母(复数/种类)
源yeast
构yeast
链多种酵母
例The yeasts is widely used in this kind of work.

baker yeast
名 面包酵母,发面酵母
源yeast
构yeast
例The baker yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

brewer yeast
名 啤酒酵母
源yeast
构yeast
例The brewer yeast is widely used in this kind of work.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *yes-

同一个 PIE *yes-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:

N · 日耳曼本页 yeast
L · 拉丁(待补)
G · 希腊 zein/zestos(待补)