拉丁字根 L034・found

LATIN ROOT · L034 · 拉丁字根

fund / found底 · 基础 · 根基

PIE root *bhudh-(拉丁 fundus) 「bottom, base」

语源:拉丁借词(fundus,多经古法语)
拉丁名词:fundus, -i(m 第二变格)
共时词族:6 词

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

印欧「底」在拉丁作 fundus;日耳曼支同根给 bottom(本族),英语 fund-/found- 则多为罗曼借词。

L · LATIN 拉丁(本根)

*bhudh- → Latin fundus「bottom, foundation」

fund- / found-

found · foundation · founder · fund · fundamental · profound(详见本页)

G · GREEK 希腊

*bhudh- 在希腊支无公认对应

—G 篇待补

无希腊同源借词

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

*bhudh- → 日耳曼 *botmaz「bottom」

botm-

英语 bottom 是本族同根(非借词)

三语同源:拉丁 fundus「底」、日耳曼 *botmaz「底」同出 *bhudh-;bottom 是本族,found/fund 是拉丁借词。

词根的三格 NOUN · NOMINATIVE · GENITIVE · STEM

fundus 靠主格/属格确定词干 fund-;英语借词多在 fund-/found- 上加后缀。

NOMINATIVE 主格(词典形)

fundus

m 第二变格;fundus「底/基础」

found(fundāre)· fund · foundation

GENITIVE 属格(词干之钥)

fundī

属格去 -ī 即词干 fund-

fundamental · profound(pro-+fundus)

STEM 词干(性 + 变格法)

fund-

m 第二变格;fundāre「奠基」

founder · fundament

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从拉丁 fundus 到现代英语各词,四次形态—语音调整。

①第二变格词干 fund-

fundus/fundī 的 -nd- 词干在英语保留:fund、fundamental。

②fundāre→found

fundāre→古法 fonder→found:found、foundation。

③古法 -us→-ound/-und

fundus→古法 fonz→fund;profundus→profound。

④-mentum→-ment

fundamentum→fundament→fundamental。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

fundus 是第二变格阳性名词;fundāre「奠基」为第一变位动词。

主格

fundus

底

属格

fundī

底的

性

m 阳性

第二变格 -us/-ī

变格法

第二变格

词干 fund-

入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语

英语词 拉丁 古法语 入英年代
found fundāre fonder 13 世纪
foundation fundātiō foundation 14 世纪
profound profundus profond 14 世纪
fund fundus — 17 世纪

三个关键事实:① found=fundāre「奠基」→建立;② profound=pro-「向下」+fundus「底」=深邃;③ bottom 是日耳曼本族同根。

-ation拉丁 -ātiō:foundation
-ment拉丁 -mentum:fundament · fundamental
-er拉丁 -or:founder

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

fundus 的核心是「底」,由「基础」向「建立、深渊、资金」引申。

底

fundus

→

奠基

fundāre

→

found

foundation
奠基者

fundātor

→

founder

创始人
向下深

pro-+fundus

→

profound

深刻的
基础之物

fundus/fundāre

→

fund

fundamental
习语:found「建立」· foundation「基础/基金会」· fund「资金」· fundamental「基本的」· profound「深刻的」· founder「创始人」。
found/faʊnd/S 核心
found

创立;建立;创办;以…为根据

late13c 古法 fonder「奠基、建立」<拉丁 fundare「铺底、奠基」<fundus「底」。

动 创立;建立;创办;以…为根据

▪ They founded the school.
他们创办了这所学校。

▪ She founded the theory on facts.
她以事实为依据建立理论。

▪ He founded the firm.
他创立了公司。

▪ They found the town in 1850.
他们于1850年建镇。

foundation/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/A
found / -ation

基础;地基;基金会;根据

14c 古法 fondation<拉丁 fundationem「奠基」<fundare(fundus 底)分词 fundatus。

名 基础;地基;基金会;根据

▪ They laid the foundation.
他们奠定了基础。

▪ She started a foundation.
她成立了一个基金会。

▪ They built the foundation.
他们打了地基。

▪ He questioned the foundation.
他质疑其根据。

founder/ˈfaʊndər/A
found / -er

创始人;(船)沉没;(计划)失败

名 mid-14c 古法 fondeor<拉丁 fundator「奠基者」<fundare;动 early14c 古法 fondrer「沉到底、倒塌」<fond(底)<fundus。

名 创始人 动 (船)沉没 动 (计划)失败

▪ They honored the founder.
他们向创始人致敬。

▪ She met the founder.
她见到了创始人。

▪ The ship foundered in the storm.
船在风暴中沉没。

▪ They thanked the founder.
他们感谢创始人。

fund/fʌnd/S 核心
fund(fundus

基金;资金;专款;资助

1670s 法语 fond「底、田产、本金」<拉丁 fundus「底、田产」;「资金」1690s;动词「资助」1900。

名 基金 动 资金 动 专款 动 资助

▪ They set up a fund.
他们设立了一项基金。

▪ She funded the project.
她资助了项目。

▪ They raised funds.
他们筹集资金。

▪ He managed the fund.
他管理基金。

fundamental/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/A
fundament / -al

根本的;基础的;(复数)基本原理

15c 古法 fondamental<晚期拉丁 fundamentalis「属于地基的」<fundamentum 根基。

a. 根本的 名 基础的 名 (复数)基本原理

▪ They taught the fundamentals first.
他们先教授基本原理。

▪ She made a fundamental change.
她作了根本性改变。

▪ He knew the fundamental rules.
他了解基本规则。

▪ They discussed fundamental rights.
他们讨论了基本权利。

profound/prəˈfaʊnd/B
pro- / found

深刻的;深远的;渊博的;强烈的

c.1300 古法 profund<拉丁 profundus「深、无底」=pro(向前/向下)+fundus「底」→ 底在很深处。

a. 深刻的;深远的;渊博的;强烈的

▪ They felt a profound shock.
他们感到深深的震惊。

▪ She made a profound remark.
她作了深刻的评论。

▪ He had profound knowledge.
他学识渊博。

▪ The book had a profound effect.
这本书影响深远。

cofounder/koʊˈfaʊndər/C
fund/found

共同创始人;联合创立者

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 共同创始人;联合创立者

▪ The cofounder arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位共同创始人比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained cofounder knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的共同创始人知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced cofounder for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的共同创始人。

▪ The cofounder answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,共同创始人回答了记者的提问。

fundament/ˈfʌndəmənt/B
fund/found

基础;根基;(婉指)臀部

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 基础;根基;(婉指)臀部

▪ The whole fundament took several hours to complete.
整个基础过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper fundament is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的基础至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of fundament with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了基础的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the fundament.
经理就基础写了一份清晰的报告。

fundamentally/ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/A
fund/found

根本上;本质上;完全地

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

副 根本上;本质上;完全地

▪ The team fundamentally finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前根本上完成了任务。

▪ She fundamentally checked the results and then signed the form.
她根本上核对了结果,然后签了表。

▪ The rules were fundamentally changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被根本上修改了。

▪ He spoke fundamentally so that everyone could understand.
他根本上发言,好让每个人都听懂。

funded/ˈfʌndɪd/C
fund/found

有资金的;得到资助的;(债务)转为长期借款的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

形 有资金的;得到资助的;(债务)转为长期借款的

▪ The new rule will be funded for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是有资金的。

▪ They considered the plan funded after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是有资金的。

▪ The manager gave a funded answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个有资金的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be funded before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是有资金的的。

funding/ˈfʌndɪŋ/S 核心
fund/found

资金;拨款;资助(金)

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 资金;拨款;资助(金)

▪ The whole funding took several hours to complete.
整个资金过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper funding is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的资金至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of funding with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了资金的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the funding.
经理就资金写了一份清晰的报告。

fundraise/ˈfʌndreɪz/C
fund/found

筹款;募集资金

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

动 筹款;募集资金

▪ The manager decided to fundraise the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前筹款这个问题。

▪ She will fundraise the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去筹款这项任务。

▪ They need to fundraise the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要筹款这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to fundraise the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就筹款了计划。

fundraiser/ˈfʌndreɪzər/C
fund/found

筹款活动;筹款人

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 筹款活动;筹款人

▪ The fundraiser is widely used in this kind of work.
筹款活动在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the fundraiser in a safe place after use.
用后请把筹款活动放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the fundraiser to the entrance of the building.
团队把筹款活动搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable fundraiser at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的筹款活动。

hedgefund/ˈhedʒfʌnd/C
fund/found

对冲基金(也作 hedge fund)

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 对冲基金(也作 hedge fund)

▪ The hedgefund is widely used in this kind of work.
对冲基金在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the hedgefund in a safe place after use.
用后请把对冲基金放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the hedgefund to the entrance of the building.
团队把对冲基金搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable hedgefund at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的对冲基金。

unfounded/ʌnˈfaʊndɪd/B
fund/found

没有根据的;无事实依据的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

形 没有根据的;无事实依据的

▪ The new rule will be unfounded for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是没有根据的。

▪ They considered the plan unfounded after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是没有根据的。

▪ The manager gave a unfounded answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个没有根据的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be unfounded before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是没有根据的的。

unfunded/ʌnˈfʌndɪd/C
fund/found

无资金的;未获拨款的;(养老金)无基金准备的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

形 无资金的;未获拨款的;(养老金)无基金准备的

▪ The new rule will be unfunded for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是无资金的。

▪ They considered the plan unfunded after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是无资金的。

▪ The manager gave a unfunded answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个无资金的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be unfunded before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是无资金的的。

profundity/prəˈfʌndəti/C
fund/found

深奥;深刻;(复数)深刻的言论

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 深奥;深刻;(复数)深刻的言论

▪ The whole profundity took several hours to complete.
整个深奥过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper profundity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的深奥至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of profundity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了深奥的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the profundity.
经理就深奥写了一份清晰的报告。

diffusiondɪˈfjuːʒnB
dif
fus
ion

扩散,传播,弥漫,漫射

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:dif + fus + ion

名 扩散,传播,弥漫,漫射

▪ The diffusion is widely used in this kind of work.
扩散在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the diffusion in a safe place after use.
用后请把扩散放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the diffusion to the entrance of the building.
团队把扩散搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable diffusion at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的扩散。

diffusivedɪˈfjuːsɪvB
dif
fus
ive

扩散的;散布性的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:dif + fus + ive

形 扩散的;散布性的

▪ The new rule will be diffusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是扩散的。

▪ They considered the plan diffusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是扩散的。

▪ The manager gave a diffusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个扩散的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be diffusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是扩散的的。

effuseɪˈfjuːzB
ef
fus
e

流出;涌出;泻出

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:ef + fus + e

动 流出;涌出;泻出

▪ The manager decided to effuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前流出这个问题。

▪ She will effuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去流出这项任务。

▪ They need to effuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要流出这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to effuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就流出了计划。

effusionɪˈfjuːʒnB
ef
fus
ion

渗出;泻出;渗漏物

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:ef + fus + ion

名 渗出;泻出;渗漏物

▪ The effusion is widely used in this kind of work.
渗出在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the effusion in a safe place after use.
用后请把渗出放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the effusion to the entrance of the building.
团队把渗出搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable effusion at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的渗出。

effusiveɪˈfjuːsɪvB
ef
fus
ive

感情横溢的,溢于言表

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:ef + fus + ive

形 感情横溢的,溢于言表

▪ The new rule will be effusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是感情横溢的。

▪ They considered the plan effusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是感情横溢的。

▪ The manager gave a effusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个感情横溢的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be effusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是感情横溢的的。

foundingfaʊndɪŋB
found
ing

创办的,成立的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:found + ing

形 创办的,成立的

▪ The new rule will be founding for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是创办的。

▪ They considered the plan founding after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是创办的。

▪ The manager gave a founding answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个创办的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be founding before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是创办的的。

foundryfaʊndriB
found
ry

铸造厂;铸造车间

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:found + ry

名 铸造厂;铸造车间

▪ They met near the foundry after the work was finished.
工作结束后,他们在铸造厂附近碰面。

▪ The new foundry opened to the public last month.
新的铸造厂上个月向公众开放。

▪ Many visitors gather at the foundry during the summer.
夏天有许多游客聚集在铸造厂。

▪ The foundry is located just outside the center of the city.
铸造厂就坐落在市中心外侧。

funnelˈfʌn(ə)lB
funn
el

漏斗v.(使)通过漏斗流过,传送

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:funn + el

名 漏斗v.(使)通过漏斗流过,传送

▪ The funnel is widely used in this kind of work.
漏斗v.通过漏斗流过在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the funnel in a safe place after use.
用后请把漏斗v.通过漏斗流过放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the funnel to the entrance of the building.
团队把漏斗v.通过漏斗流过搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable funnel at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的漏斗v.通过漏斗流过。

fusibleˈfjuːzəb(ə)lB
fus
ible

易熔的,可熔化的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fus + ible

形 易熔的,可熔化的

▪ The new rule will be fusible for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是易熔的。

▪ They considered the plan fusible after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是易熔的。

▪ The manager gave a fusible answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个易熔的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be fusible before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是易熔的的。

futileˈfjuːtaɪlB
fut
ile

徒劳的,无用的,无意义的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fut + ile

形 徒劳的,无用的,无意义的

▪ The new rule will be futile for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是徒劳的。

▪ They considered the plan futile after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是徒劳的。

▪ The manager gave a futile answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个徒劳的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be futile before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是徒劳的的。

infuse/ɪnˈfjuːz/B
fund/found

注入;灌输;使充满;浸渍vi.被泡,被浸

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

动 注入;灌输;使充满;浸渍vi.被泡,被浸

▪ The manager decided to infuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前注入这个问题。

▪ She will infuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去注入这项任务。

▪ They need to infuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要注入这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to infuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就注入了计划。

infusion/ɪnˈfjuːʒn/B
fund/found

灌输;浸泡;注入物;激励

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 灌输;浸泡;注入物;激励

▪ The infusion is widely used in this kind of work.
灌输在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the infusion in a safe place after use.
用后请把灌输放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the infusion to the entrance of the building.
团队把灌输搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable infusion at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的灌输。

infusive/ɪnˈfjuːsɪv/B
fund/found

灌输的;浸透的;令人鼓舞的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

形 灌输的;浸透的;令人鼓舞的

▪ The new rule will be infusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是灌输的。

▪ They considered the plan infusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是灌输的。

▪ The manager gave a infusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个灌输的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be infusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是灌输的的。

interfuse/ˌɪntəˈfjuːz/B
fund/found

使融合,使混合

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

动 使融合,使混合

▪ The manager decided to interfuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使融合这个问题。

▪ She will interfuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使融合这项任务。

▪ They need to interfuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使融合这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to interfuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使融合了计划。

perfuse/pəˈfjuːz/B
fund/found

(医学)灌注,灌流;洒遍,散布,使充满

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

动 (医学)灌注,灌流;洒遍,散布,使充满

▪ The manager decided to perfuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前灌注这个问题。

▪ She will perfuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去灌注这项任务。

▪ They need to perfuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要灌注这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to perfuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就灌注了计划。

perfusion/pəˈfjuːʒən/B
fund/found

灌注;充满

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 灌注;充满

▪ The perfusion is widely used in this kind of work.
灌注在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the perfusion in a safe place after use.
用后请把灌注放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the perfusion to the entrance of the building.
团队把灌注搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable perfusion at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的灌注。

profuse/prəˈfjuːs/B
fund/found

丰富的;很多的;慷慨的;浪费的

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

形 丰富的;很多的;慷慨的;浪费的

▪ The new rule will be profuse for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是丰富的。

▪ They considered the plan profuse after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是丰富的。

▪ The manager gave a profuse answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个丰富的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be profuse before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是丰富的的。

profusion/prəˈfjuːʒn/B
fund/found

丰富,充沛;慷慨

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fund/found

名 丰富,充沛;慷慨

▪ The profusion is widely used in this kind of work.
丰富在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the profusion in a safe place after use.
用后请把丰富放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the profusion to the entrance of the building.
团队把丰富搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable profusion at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的丰富。

suffuse/səˈfju:z/B
suf
fus
e

逐渐扩散,充满,弥漫

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:suf + fus + e

动 逐渐扩散,充满,弥漫

▪ The manager decided to suffuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前逐渐扩散这个问题。

▪ She will suffuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去逐渐扩散这项任务。

▪ They need to suffuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要逐渐扩散这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to suffuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就逐渐扩散了计划。

transfuse/trænzˈfju:z/B
trans
fus
e

输(血、液);灌输;注入

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:trans + fus + e

动 输(血、液);灌输;注入

▪ The manager decided to transfuse the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前输这个问题。

▪ She will transfuse the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去输这项任务。

▪ They need to transfuse the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要输这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to transfuse the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就输了计划。

confusion/kənˈfjuːʒn/A
fundere pour

不确定;困惑

拉丁词根 fund/found 派生:fundere pour

名 不确定;困惑

▪ The whole confusion took several hours to complete.
整个不确定过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper confusion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的不确定至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of confusion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了不确定的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the confusion.
经理就不确定写了一份清晰的报告。

考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS

注意:bottom 与 fund-

bottom 是日耳曼本族词(*bhudh-→*botmaz「底」);found、fund 是拉丁借词。二者同 PIE *bhudh- 但走两条路。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PIE *bhudh-(bottom, base)
│
├─ 拉丁 fundus · fundī(m 第二变格)/fundāre
│  ├─ fund-:fund · fundamental · fundament
│  ├─ found-(fundāre):found · foundation · founder
│  └─ pro-+fundus → profound
│
├─ 日耳曼 *botmaz:英语 bottom(本族同根)
│
└─ 希腊:*bhudh- 无公认对应

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

判定 fund-/found- 同根,以第二变格与日耳曼 bottom 同源为决定性证据。

形态证据

fundus 第二变格

fundus/fundī 给词干 fund-;profound 由 pro-+fundus 推出。

音变证据

fundāre→fonder / -āre→-er

古法词尾软化。

共时词族

6 词闭环

本页 6 词都由 fund-/found- 加 -ation/-ment 或复合生成。

借词断代:found、foundation、profound 经古法语较早入英(13–14 世纪);fund 是 17 世纪直接借拉丁书面词。

外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES

N · 日耳曼 bottom(本族)

botm-

英语 bottom(*bhudh-→*botmaz)本族同根

高阶拉丁 · fund-

fund-

fundamental「基本的」· profound「深刻的」· fundament「基础」

一屏速记 · 38 词

found/faʊnd/

动 创立;建立;创办;以…为根据

构found

例They founded the school

foundation/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/

名 基础;地基;基金会;根据

构found / -ation

例They laid the foundation

founder/ˈfaʊndər/

名 创始人;动 (船)沉没;动 (计划)失败

构found / -er

例They honored the founder

fund/fʌnd/

名 基金;动 资金;动 专款;动 资助

构fund(fundus

例They set up a fund

fundamental/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/

a. 根本的;名 基础的;名 (复数)基本原理

构fundament / -al

例They taught the fundamentals first

profound/prəˈfaʊnd/

a. 深刻的;深远的;渊博的;强烈的

构pro- / found

例They felt a profound shock

cofounder/koʊˈfaʊndər/

名 共同创始人;联合创立者

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The cofounder arrived at the office earlier than usual.

fundament/ˈfʌndəmənt/

名 基础;根基;(婉指)臀部

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The whole fundament took several hours to complete.

fundamentally/ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/

副 根本上;本质上;完全地

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The team fundamentally finished the task before the deadline.

funded/ˈfʌndɪd/

形 有资金的;得到资助的;(债务)转为长期借款的

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The new rule will be funded for everyone in the group.

funding/ˈfʌndɪŋ/

名 资金;拨款;资助(金)

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The whole funding took several hours to complete.

fundraise/ˈfʌndreɪz/

动 筹款;募集资金

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The manager decided to fundraise the problem before the meeting.

fundraiser/ˈfʌndreɪzər/

名 筹款活动;筹款人

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The fundraiser is widely used in this kind of work.

hedgefund/ˈhedʒfʌnd/

名 对冲基金(也作 hedge fund)

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The hedgefund is widely used in this kind of work.

unfounded/ʌnˈfaʊndɪd/

形 没有根据的;无事实依据的

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The new rule will be unfounded for everyone in the group.

unfunded/ʌnˈfʌndɪd/

形 无资金的;未获拨款的;(养老金)无基金准备的

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The new rule will be unfunded for everyone in the group.

profundity/prəˈfʌndəti/

名 深奥;深刻;(复数)深刻的言论

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The whole profundity took several hours to complete.

diffusiondɪˈfjuːʒn

名 扩散,传播,弥漫,漫射

源dif + fus + ion

构dif + fus + ion

例The diffusion is widely used in this kind of work.

diffusivedɪˈfjuːsɪv

形 扩散的;散布性的

源dif + fus + ive

构dif + fus + ive

例The new rule will be diffusive for everyone in the group.

effuseɪˈfjuːz

动 流出;涌出;泻出

源ef + fus + e

构ef + fus + e

例The manager decided to effuse the problem before the meeting.

effusionɪˈfjuːʒn

名 渗出;泻出;渗漏物

源ef + fus + ion

构ef + fus + ion

例The effusion is widely used in this kind of work.

effusiveɪˈfjuːsɪv

形 感情横溢的,溢于言表

源ef + fus + ive

构ef + fus + ive

例The new rule will be effusive for everyone in the group.

foundingfaʊndɪŋ

形 创办的,成立的

源found + ing

构found + ing

例The new rule will be founding for everyone in the group.

foundryfaʊndri

名 铸造厂;铸造车间

源found + ry

构found + ry

例They met near the foundry after the work was finished.

funnelˈfʌn(ə)l

名 漏斗v.(使)通过漏斗流过,传送

源funn + el

构funn + el

例The funnel is widely used in this kind of work.

fusibleˈfjuːzəb(ə)l

形 易熔的,可熔化的

源fus + ible

构fus + ible

例The new rule will be fusible for everyone in the group.

futileˈfjuːtaɪl

形 徒劳的,无用的,无意义的

源fut + ile

构fut + ile

例The new rule will be futile for everyone in the group.

infuse/ɪnˈfjuːz/

动 注入;灌输;使充满;浸渍vi.被泡,被浸

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The manager decided to infuse the problem before the meeting.

infusion/ɪnˈfjuːʒn/

名 灌输;浸泡;注入物;激励

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The infusion is widely used in this kind of work.

infusive/ɪnˈfjuːsɪv/

形 灌输的;浸透的;令人鼓舞的

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The new rule will be infusive for everyone in the group.

interfuse/ˌɪntəˈfjuːz/

动 使融合,使混合

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The manager decided to interfuse the problem before the meeting.

perfuse/pəˈfjuːz/

动 (医学)灌注,灌流;洒遍,散布,使充满

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The manager decided to perfuse the problem before the meeting.

perfusion/pəˈfjuːʒən/

名 灌注;充满

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The perfusion is widely used in this kind of work.

profuse/prəˈfjuːs/

形 丰富的;很多的;慷慨的;浪费的

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The new rule will be profuse for everyone in the group.

profusion/prəˈfjuːʒn/

名 丰富,充沛;慷慨

源fund/found

构fund/found

例The profusion is widely used in this kind of work.

suffuse/səˈfju:z/

动 逐渐扩散,充满,弥漫

源suf + fus + e

构suf + fus + e

例The manager decided to suffuse the problem before the meeting.

transfuse/trænzˈfju:z/

动 输(血、液);灌输;注入

源trans + fus + e

构trans + fus + e

例The manager decided to transfuse the problem before the meeting.

confusion/kənˈfjuːʒn/

名 不确定;困惑

源fundere pour

构fundere pour

例The whole confusion took several hours to complete.

跨语族导航 NAVIGATION

fund/found 在三条线上的同根字根(点击可跳转)。

本页 · L034 fund/found
G 篇待补
N · 日耳曼 N97 · bottom(*bhudh- 底部/基础)