LATIN ROOT · L075 · 拉丁字根
ora说 · 口
PIE root *ōs- 「mouth」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
拉丁 ōrāre「说话、祈祷」第一变位,与名词 ōs「口」同根。英语 oral/orator/adore 挂词干 ōr-。
*ōs- → Latin ōs「mouth」;ōrāre「to speak, pray」
ōs / ōr-
oral · orator · oration · adore · oracle · inexorable(详见本页)
与希腊无可靠同形
—G 篇待补
希腊「口」另作 stoma
日耳曼无 ōrāre 继承
—N 篇待补
英语本族「口」用 mouth
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
ōrāre 第一变位;英语 oral 借名词 ōs,orator/adoration 借动词 ōrāre。
PRESENT 现在词干
ōr-
ōrō, ōrāre|第一变位
orator · oration · adore(ad-)
PERFECT 完成词干
ōrāv-
ōrāvī|-v- 完成
拉丁完成:ōrāvī
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
ōrāt-
ōrātum / ōrātus|-t-
adoration · oratory · inexorable
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 ōrāre/ōs 到英语 ora-,四次关键的形态—语音调整。
①ōs/ōris→oral
拉丁 ōs「口」+-ālis→orālis→oral。
②ōrātor→orator
ōrātor「演说者」直接借入;-tor→-tor。
③ad-+ōrāre→adore
ad-「向」+ōrāre「向神祈求」→adore「崇拜」。
④in-+ex-+ōrābilis→inexorable
in-「不」+exōrābilis「可恳求的」→inexorable「不可动摇的」。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
ōrāre 第一变位;oracle 是 ōrāculum「神谕之所」。
现在 1sg
ōrō
我说话、祈祷
现在不定式
ōrāre
to speak, pray
完成 1sg
ōrāvī
我求过了
目的分词
ōrātum
被求(词干 ōrāt-)
现在时变位 · 第一变位(-ā-)
| 人称 | 主动 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | ōrō | ōr-ā-ō |
| 2 sg | ōrās | ōr-ā-s |
| 3 sg | ōrat | ōr-a-t |
| 1 pl | ōrāmus | ōr-ā-mus |
| 2 pl | ōrātis | ōr-ā-tis |
| 3 pl | ōrant | ōr-a-nt |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| oral | orālis | — | 16 世纪 |
| orator | ōrātor | orateur | 14 世纪 |
| adore | adorāre | orer | 14 世纪 |
| oracle | ōrāculum | oracle | 14 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① oral = orālis「口的」;② adore = ad-「向」+ōrāre「向神恳求」→崇拜;③ inexorable = in-「不」+exōrābilis「不可恳求」。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
ōrāre 核心是「用口说、祈祷」,由「口」到「演说」到「崇拜」多线引申。
→
→
→
→
→
→
向神 / 向神祈求 → 崇拜;深爱。 / 祈祷
ad-(向、对)+拉丁 ōrāre「祈祷、恳求、说话」(ōs/oris 嘴);本义「向神祈祷、恳求」,经古法语;后由宗教义泛化为「崇拜、极喜爱」(adore God 敬神、adores her husband 深爱丈夫、I adore ch
动 崇拜,敬慕;非常喜爱,深爱
▪ Many pilgrims adore the ancient statue at the shrine.
许多朝圣者在神龛前敬拜那尊古老的雕像。
▪ She adores her grandmother and visits her every weekend.
她深爱祖母,每个周末都去看望她。
▪ I adore fresh strawberries on a summer morning.
夏天早晨我特别喜爱新鲜草莓。
▪ The crowd adored the young singer for his gentle voice.
观众因这位年轻歌手温柔的嗓音而极度喜爱他。
宣谕 / 宣示神谕(之所)→ 神谕
拉丁 ōrāculum「神谕、神谕宣示处、先知」,ōrāre(宣布神谕、说话)+-culum(指小工具);→神谕、(古希腊罗马的)神谕所(the Oracle at Delphi 德尔斐神谕所),引申为权威预言者。
名 神谕;神谕处;预言者,权威
▪ The Greeks traveled to Delphi to consult the oracle.
希腊人前往德尔斐去求教神谕。
▪ The old professor was regarded as an oracle on legal matters.
那位老教授被视为法律事务方面的权威。
▪ The oracle predicted a long and bitter war.
神谕预言了一场漫长而痛苦的战争。
▪ Students treat her advice as though it came from an oracle.
学生们把她的建议当作神谕一般看待。
口 / 口的 → 口头的;口腔的
拉丁 ōrālis「口的、口头的」,ōs/oris(嘴、口)+-ālis;→口头的、口述的(oral exam 口试、oral tradition 口述传统)、口腔的(oral hygiene 口腔卫生)。
形 口头的,口述的 名 口腔的 n.口试
▪ The students passed the oral exam after weeks of practice.
经过数周练习,学生们通过了口试。
▪ oral tradition kept the old stories alive for centuries.
口述传统使这些古老故事流传了好几个世纪。
▪ The dentist gave advice on daily oral hygiene.
牙医就日常口腔卫生给出了建议。
▪ We reached an oral agreement before signing the contract.
我们在签约前先达成了口头协议。
向神 / 敬拜(之情)→ 崇拜。 / 祈祷
adore(崇拜)+-ation(名词),拉丁 adōrātiō;→崇拜、敬慕(in adoration 敬慕地、the adoration of the crowd 众人的崇拜、the Adoration of the Magi 博士来拜
名 崇拜,敬慕;爱慕,热爱
▪ The queen accepted the adoration of the cheering crowd.
女王接受欢呼人群的敬慕。
▪ He looked at the painting with quiet adoration.
他带着静静的爱慕注视那幅画。
▪ The film depicts the adoration of the infant by the three kings.
影片描绘了三位圣王朝拜圣婴的场景。
▪ Her adoration for classical music began in childhood.
她对古典音乐的热爱始于童年。
不 / 恳求不动的 → 不可阻挡。 / 恳求得动
in-(不)+exorable(可恳求的);exorāre=ex-(出)+ōrāre(恳求)「恳求得动」;→恳求不动的、不可阻挡的(inexorable logic 无情的逻辑、inexorable decline 不可逆转的衰落、an i
形 不可阻挡的,不屈不挠的;无情的
▪ The advance of the glacier seemed slow but inexorable.
冰川的推进看似缓慢却不可阻挡。
▪ Facing inexorable demands, the company cut its workforce.
面对无情的要求,公司裁减了员工。
▪ Time moves on with inexorable force for everyone.
时间以不可阻挡之力向前流逝,对每个人都如此。
▪ The court issued an inexorable order to repay the debt.
法院下达了必须偿还债务的强制令。
说 / 当众说(之辞)→ 演说
拉丁 ōrātiō/ōrātiōnem「演说、讲话」,ōrāre(说)+-tiō;→正式演说、致辞(a funeral oration 悼词、the Gettysburg Oration 葛底斯堡演说)。
名 (正式/庄重的)演说,演讲
▪ The mayor delivered a solemn oration on Memorial Day.
市长在阵亡将士纪念日发表了庄重的演说。
▪ His funeral oration moved the whole congregation to tears.
他的悼词让全体会众落泪。
▪ Students studied Lincoln orations to learn public speaking.
学生们研习林肯的演说以学习公开演讲。
▪ The professor oration lasted nearly two hours.
教授的正式演讲持续了近两个小时。
说 / 当众说者 → 演说家。 / 人
拉丁 ōrātor「演说者」,ōrāre(说)+-tor;→演说家、雄辩家(a gifted orator 天才演说家、a fine political orator 出色的政治演说家)。
名 演说家,雄辩家,发言人
▪ The young senator became known as a gifted orator.
这位年轻的参议员以天才演说家而闻名。
▪ A skilled orator can calm an angry crowd.
娴熟的演说家能平息愤怒的人群。
▪ They hired an orator to open the international conference.
他们聘请了一位演说家为国际会议开场。
▪ As an orator, she commanded attention with every sentence.
作为演说家,她每一句话都能抓住听众。
可爱的,讨人喜欢的;值得敬慕的
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
形 可爱的,讨人喜欢的;值得敬慕的
▪ The new rule will be adorable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可爱的。
▪ They considered the plan adorable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可爱的。
▪ The manager gave a adorable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可爱的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be adorable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可爱的的。
可爱地,讨人喜欢地
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
副 可爱地,讨人喜欢地
▪ The team adorably finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前可爱地完成了任务。
▪ She adorably checked the results and then signed the form.
她可爱地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were adorably changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被可爱地修改了。
▪ He spoke adorably so that everyone could understand.
他可爱地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
口头地,口述地;口服地
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
副 口头地,口述地;口服地
▪ The team orally finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前口头地完成了任务。
▪ She orally checked the results and then signed the form.
她口头地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were orally changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被口头地修改了。
▪ He spoke orally so that everyone could understand.
他口头地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
(正式/夸张地)演说,高谈阔论
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
动 (正式/夸张地)演说,高谈阔论
▪ The manager decided to orate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前演说这个问题。
▪ She will orate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去演说这项任务。
▪ They need to orate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要演说这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to orate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就演说了计划。
演说的,雄辩的;演说术的
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
形 演说的,雄辩的;演说术的
▪ The new rule will be oratorical for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是演说的。
▪ They considered the plan oratorical after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是演说的。
▪ The manager gave a oratorical answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个演说的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be oratorical before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是演说的的。
(宗教题材的)清唱剧,神剧
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
名 (宗教题材的)清唱剧,神剧
▪ The oratorio is widely used in this kind of work.
清唱剧在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the oratorio in a safe place after use.
用后请把清唱剧放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the oratorio to the entrance of the building.
团队把清唱剧搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable oratorio at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的清唱剧。
演讲术,雄辩术;小礼拜堂
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
名 演讲术,雄辩术;小礼拜堂
▪ The oratory is widely used in this kind of work.
演讲术在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the oratory in a safe place after use.
用后请把演讲术放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the oratory to the entrance of the building.
团队把演讲术搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable oratory at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的演讲术。
神谕的;玄奥的,意味深长的
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
形 神谕的;玄奥的,意味深长的
▪ The new rule will be oracular for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是神谕的。
▪ They considered the plan oracular after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是神谕的。
▪ The manager gave a oracular answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个神谕的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be oracular before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是神谕的的。
(长篇大论地)作总结发言;高谈
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
动 (长篇大论地)作总结发言;高谈
▪ The manager decided to perorate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前作总结发言这个问题。
▪ She will perorate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去作总结发言这项任务。
▪ They need to perorate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要作总结发言这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to perorate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就作总结发言了计划。
(演说的)结论段,总结;长篇大论
拉丁词根 ora 派生:ora
名 (演说的)结论段,总结;长篇大论
▪ The whole peroration took several hours to complete.
整个结论段过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper peroration is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的结论段至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of peroration with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了结论段的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the peroration.
经理就结论段写了一份清晰的报告。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
adore 从「恳求」到「崇拜」
拉丁 adorāre=ad-「向」+ōrāre「向神灵祈祷」;英语引申为「崇拜、爱慕」。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *ōs-(mouth)
│
├─ 拉丁 ōs(n.3 口)/ ōrāre(v. 说话、祈祷)
│ ├─ orālis:oral
│ ├─ ōrātor:orator · oration
│ ├─ ad-:adore · adoration
│ ├─ ōrāculum:oracle
│ └→ in-+ex-:inexorable
│
├─ 希腊:另作 stoma
│
└─ 日耳曼:本族「口」作 mouth
EVIDENCE & METHOD 证据与方法
判定 ora 同根,靠名词 ōs+动词 ōrāre。
ōr- 词干
ōrāre 四主形;oral/orator 同挂。
-ōs→oral
ōs 加 -ālis→orālis。
7 词闭环
本页 7 词由 ōrāre/ōs 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · 拉丁 ōs
ōris
「口」;oral
L · 拉丁 ōrāculum
ōrāculī
「神谕之所」;oracle
oralize
v 口头表达
inexorably
adv 冷酷地
一屏速记 · 17 词
动 崇拜,敬慕;非常喜爱,深爱
构ad- / ōrāre
例Many pilgrims adore the ancient statue at the
名 神谕;神谕处;预言者,权威
构ōrāre / -culum
例The Greeks traveled to Delphi to consult the
形 口头的,口述的;名 口腔的 n.口试
构os / oris / -al
例The students passed the oral exam after weeks
名 崇拜,敬慕;爱慕,热爱
构ad- / ōrāre / -tion
例The queen accepted the adoration of the
形 不可阻挡的,不屈不挠的;无情的
构in- / exorāre / -able
例The advance of the glacier seemed slow but
名 (正式/庄重的)演说,演讲
构ōrāre / -ion
例The mayor delivered a solemn oration on
名 演说家,雄辩家,发言人
构ōrāre / -tor
例The young senator became known as a gifted
形 可爱的,讨人喜欢的;值得敬慕的
源ora
构ora
例The new rule will be adorable for everyone in the group.
副 可爱地,讨人喜欢地
源ora
构ora
例The team adorably finished the task before the deadline.
副 口头地,口述地;口服地
源ora
构ora
例The team orally finished the task before the deadline.
动 (正式/夸张地)演说,高谈阔论
源ora
构ora
例The manager decided to orate the problem before the meeting.
形 演说的,雄辩的;演说术的
源ora
构ora
例The new rule will be oratorical for everyone in the group.
名 (宗教题材的)清唱剧,神剧
源ora
构ora
例The oratorio is widely used in this kind of work.
名 演讲术,雄辩术;小礼拜堂
源ora
构ora
例The oratory is widely used in this kind of work.
形 神谕的;玄奥的,意味深长的
源ora
构ora
例The new rule will be oracular for everyone in the group.
动 (长篇大论地)作总结发言;高谈
源ora
构ora
例The manager decided to perorate the problem before the meeting.
名 (演说的)结论段,总结;长篇大论
源ora
构ora
例The whole peroration took several hours to complete.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
ora 在跨语族的同根字根。
G 篇待补 · 希腊另作 stoma
N 篇待补 · 日耳曼另作 mouth

