日耳曼字根 N50 · bread:面包·食粮(PIE OE brēad)

GERMANIC ROOT · N050 · 日耳曼字根

bread / bread面包 · 食物 · 生计

PIE root *bhreu- 「to break, ferment, brew」

语源:日耳曼本族名词(非借词)
古英语 brēad「块、食物」
共时词族:1 词(衍生多)

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

同一个印欧根 *bhreu-「发酵、沸腾、破」,英语 bread 与 brew、broth 本是一家。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

*bhreu- → OE brēad「片、食物」

bread

本族同根:brew · broth · brew(同源)(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

*bhreu- → Latin fervere「to boil」

ferv-L 篇待补

fervent · ferment;与 bread 同 *bhreu-,本批无专页

G · GREEK 希腊

*bhreu- → Greek phrygein「to roast」

phryg-G 篇待补

本批希腊字根页暂无对应专页

词源要点:bread 在古英语本义是「一块、一口(食物)」,后来逐渐取代 hlāf(loaf)成为「面包」的通用词;它与 brew「酿(发酵)」、broth「肉汤」同出 *bhreu-「发酵、鼓起」——面包正是「发酵鼓起的面团」。

最远同源可溯至拉丁 fervere「沸腾」、希腊 phrygein「烤」。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

bread 是名词,不靠 Ablaut;同一根 *bhreu- 在日耳曼各分支扩展出「发酵」义家族。

*-ad- 名词

brēad

「一块食物」

bread:面包

*-ew- 动词

brēowan

「发酵酿」

brew:酿造、冲泡(同源)

*-oth- 名词

broth

「煮沸的汤汁」

broth:肉汤、高汤(同源)

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 *bhreu- 到现代 bread 词族,关键语音变化。

①元音大推移 /ɛ/

古英语长 ēa 演化为 /ɛ/(后经 Great Vowel Shift):bread /bred/(元音同 dead)。

②b- 保留

PIE *bh- 经格林定律在日耳曼变为 b-:bread /brɛd/、brew /bruː/。

③取代 loaf

中古英语时期 bread「一块」词义扩大,逐渐取代本族 hlāf(loaf)专指「面包」;loaf 退为「一条面包」。

④bre- 拼写法

bread 词尾 -ad 是古英语中性名词后缀残留,现代写作 -ead 以表短元音 /ɛ/。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

bread 是名词,无动词变位;其词义扩展与复合构成主要方式。

本义 SENSE 1

brēad

OE「一块、一口」

引申义 SENSE 2

bread

ME「面包」

转喻 SENSE 3

bread

「生计、钱」

拼写演变 · 文献证据

阶段 古英语 中古英语 现代
形 brēad breed · bread bread
义 一块、一口 面包 面包 / 生计

三个关键事实:① bread 本义「一块」,与 brook「流」无关;② 与 brew/broth 同根 *bhreu-「发酵」;③ bread 转喻「生计、钱」(breadwinner「养家者」)。

breadwinnerbread + winner「挣面包的人 → 养家者」
breadboard和面板 / 电路板实验板
breadth注意 breadth「宽度」与 bread 同形异源
bread and butter「面包黄油 → 生计、主业」

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

bread 各义由「发酵面团」逐级引申。

一块(食物)

OE

→

面包

ME

→

食物、粮食

ME

→

生计、钱 breadwinner

转喻 · ME
习语:bread and butter「生计、主业」· breadwinner「养家糊口的人」· take the bread out of someone’s mouth「抢人饭碗」· half a loaf is better than none「聊胜于无」· bread and circuses「面包与马戏」。

类型学验证 · 「面包 → 生计」

以主食代「生计、钱」是跨语言普遍转喻:汉语说「挣饭吃」「饭碗」,英语 bread / breadwinner / bread and butter 同理。拉丁语也说 alimentum「食物」兼指「生计」。

bread/bred/S 核心
bread

面包 / 食物

古英语 brēad「一块、食物」< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包,食物,生计

衍

breadth n 宽度(同形异源) breadwinner n 养家者 breadboard n 和面板,实验电路板

bread and butter n 生计,主业 brown bread n 黑面包 breadth-first adj 广度优先的 garlic bread n 蒜香面包

▪ She bought a loaf of fresh bread from the bakery.
她从面包店买了一条新鲜面包。

▪ Bread is a basic food in many countries.
面包在许多国家是主食。

▪ The young father became the breadwinner of the family.
这位年轻父亲成了家里养家的人。

▪ Teaching English is his bread and butter.
教英语是他的谋生之本。

bread and butter/ˌbred ən ˈbʌtər/C
bread

涂黄油面包;生计;adj. 基本的

古英语 bread 家族:bread(面包加黄油);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 涂黄油面包;生计;adj. 基本的

▪ The bread and butter is widely used in this kind of work.
涂黄油面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the bread and butter in a safe place after use.
用后请把涂黄油面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the bread and butter to the entrance of the building.
团队把涂黄油面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable bread and butter at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的涂黄油面包。

bread basket/ˈbred bæskɪt/C
bread

面包篮;产粮区;胃

古英语 bread 家族:bread(盛面包之篮);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包篮;产粮区;胃

▪ The bread basket is widely used in this kind of work.
面包篮在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the bread basket in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包篮放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the bread basket to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包篮搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable bread basket at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包篮。

bread knife/ˈbred naɪf/C
bread

面包刀

古英语 bread 家族:bread(切面包之刀);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包刀

▪ The bread knife is widely used in this kind of work.
面包刀在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the bread knife in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包刀放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the bread knife to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包刀搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable bread knife at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包刀。

bread roll/ˈbred roʊl/C
bread

小圆面包;餐包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(小面包卷);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 小圆面包;餐包

▪ The bread roll is widely used in this kind of work.
小圆面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the bread roll in a safe place after use.
用后请把小圆面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the bread roll to the entrance of the building.
团队把小圆面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable bread roll at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的小圆面包。

breadcrumb/ˈbredkrʌm/C
bread

面包屑;导航路径

古英语 bread 家族:bread(面包之屑);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包屑;导航路径

▪ The breadcrumb is widely used in this kind of work.
面包屑在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breadcrumb in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包屑放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breadcrumb to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包屑搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breadcrumb at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包屑。

breaded/ˈbredɪd/C
bread

裹面包屑的

古英语 bread 家族:bread(裹上面包屑);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

形 裹面包屑的

▪ The new rule will be breaded for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是裹面包屑的。

▪ They considered the plan breaded after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是裹面包屑的。

▪ The manager gave a breaded answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个裹面包屑的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be breaded before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是裹面包屑的的。

breadfruit/ˈbredfruːt/C
bread

面包果

古英语 bread 家族:bread(面包味之果);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包果

▪ The breadfruit is widely used in this kind of work.
面包果在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breadfruit in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包果放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breadfruit to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包果搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breadfruit at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包果。

breading/ˈbredɪŋ/C
bread

裹粉;面包屑涂层

古英语 bread 家族:bread(裹粉动作);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 裹粉;面包屑涂层

▪ The whole breading took several hours to complete.
整个裹粉过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper breading is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的裹粉至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of breading with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了裹粉的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the breading.
经理就裹粉写了一份清晰的报告。

breadline/ˈbredlaɪn/C
bread

等待救济的队伍;贫困线

古英语 bread 家族:bread(领救济食物之队);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

形 等待救济的队伍;贫困线

▪ The new rule will be breadline for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是等待救济的队伍。

▪ They considered the plan breadline after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是等待救济的队伍。

▪ The manager gave a breadline answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个等待救济的队伍的答复。

▪ Every solution must be breadline before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是等待救济的队伍的。

breads/bredz/C
bread

面包种类(复数)

古英语 bread 家族:bread(多种面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包种类(复数)

▪ The breads is widely used in this kind of work.
面包种类在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breads in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包种类放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breads to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包种类搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breads at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包种类。

breadstick/ˈbredstɪk/C
bread

面包棒;棍形面包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(棍状面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包棒;棍形面包

▪ The breadstick is widely used in this kind of work.
面包棒在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breadstick in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包棒放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breadstick to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包棒搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breadstick at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包棒。

breadwinner/ˈbredwɪnər/C
bread

养家糊口的人;经济支柱

古英语 bread 家族:bread(挣得面包之人);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 养家糊口的人;经济支柱

▪ The breadwinner arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位养家糊口的人比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained breadwinner knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的养家糊口的人知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced breadwinner for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的养家糊口的人。

▪ The breadwinner answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,养家糊口的人回答了记者的提问。

daily bread/ˈdeɪli bred/C
bread

每日食粮;生计

古英语 bread 家族:bread(每日之食);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 每日食粮;生计

▪ The daily bread is widely used in this kind of work.
每日食粮在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the daily bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把每日食粮放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the daily bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把每日食粮搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable daily bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的每日食粮。

garlic bread/ˈɡɑːrlɪk bred/C
bread

蒜蓉面包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(蒜香面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 蒜蓉面包

▪ The garlic bread is widely used in this kind of work.
蒜蓉面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the garlic bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把蒜蓉面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the garlic bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把蒜蓉面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable garlic bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的蒜蓉面包。

rye bread/ˈraɪ bred/C
bread

黑麦面包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(黑麦面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 黑麦面包

▪ The rye bread is widely used in this kind of work.
黑麦面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the rye bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把黑麦面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the rye bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把黑麦面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable rye bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的黑麦面包。

white bread/ˈwaɪt bred/C
bread

白面包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(白面面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 白面包

▪ The white bread is widely used in this kind of work.
白面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the white bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把白面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the white bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把白面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable white bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的白面包。

whole wheat bread/ˈhoʊl wiːt bred/C
bread

全麦面包

古英语 bread 家族:bread(全麦面包);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 全麦面包

▪ The whole wheat bread is widely used in this kind of work.
全麦面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the whole wheat bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把全麦面包放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the whole wheat bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把全麦面包搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable whole wheat bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的全麦面包。

brew/bruː/B
bread

酿造;冲泡;酝酿;n 酿造物

古英语 bread 家族:bread(酿造;冲泡;酝酿;n 酿造物);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

动 酿造;冲泡;酝酿;n 酿造物

▪ The manager decided to brew the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前酿造这个问题。

▪ She will brew the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去酿造这项任务。

▪ They need to brew the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要酿造这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to brew the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就酿造了计划。

brewery/ˈbruːəri/B
brew
-ery

啤酒厂;酿造厂

古英语 bread 家族:brew + -ery(啤酒厂;酿造厂);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 啤酒厂;酿造厂

▪ They met near the brewery after the work was finished.
工作结束后,他们在啤酒厂附近碰面。

▪ The new brewery opened to the public last month.
新的啤酒厂上个月向公众开放。

▪ Many visitors gather at the brewery during the summer.
夏天有许多游客聚集在啤酒厂。

▪ The brewery is located just outside the center of the city.
啤酒厂就坐落在市中心外侧。

broth/brɔːθ/B
bread

肉汤;清汤;培养液

古英语 bread 家族:bread(肉汤;清汤;培养液);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 肉汤;清汤;培养液

▪ The broth is widely used in this kind of work.
肉汤在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the broth in a safe place after use.
用后请把肉汤放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the broth to the entrance of the building.
团队把肉汤搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable broth at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的肉汤。

shortbread/ˈʃɔːrtbred/C
short 酥脆
bread

酥饼;奶油甜酥饼

古英语 bread 家族:short 酥脆 + bread(酥饼;奶油甜酥饼);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 酥饼;奶油甜酥饼

▪ The shortbread is widely used in this kind of work.
酥饼在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the shortbread in a safe place after use.
用后请把酥饼放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the shortbread to the entrance of the building.
团队把酥饼搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable shortbread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酥饼。

breadbasket/ˈbredˌbæskɪt/C
bread
basket 篮

面包篮;胃;产粮区

古英语 bread 家族:bread + basket 篮(面包篮;胃;产粮区);< PIE *bhreu-「发酵、破」

名 面包篮;胃;产粮区

▪ The breadbasket is widely used in this kind of work.
面包篮在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breadbasket in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包篮放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breadbasket to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包篮搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breadbasket at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包篮。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PIE *bhreu-(to ferment, boil, break)
│
├─ OE brēad「一块、食物」── bread ── breadwinner · breadboard · bread and butter
│
├─ OE brēowan ── brew(酿、冲泡,同源)
├─ OE broþ ── broth(肉汤,同源)
│
└─ 拉丁 fervere「沸腾」── fervent · ferment(同根 *bhreu-)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

带星号 *bhreu- 为构拟形;brēad、brēowan、broþ 是古英语真实形式。

入英年代

bread/brew/broth 均为本族词(5 世纪入英);bread 约 12 世纪起专指「面包」。

频率与地位

bread 是英语前 1000 高频名词;breadwinner 等复合词常见。

三重证据法:格林定律(*bh → b)→ 跨语言对音(拉丁 fervere、希腊 phrygein)→ 古英语文献年代。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

*bhreu-「发酵、沸腾」在拉丁一支长成了「热烈、发酵」词族。

LATIN 拉丁

fervere「to boil」

fervere「沸腾」→ fervent「热烈」· ferment「发酵」· effervescent「冒泡」

GERMANIC 日耳曼

brew / broth

brew「酿(啤酒)」· broth「肉汤」,与 bread 同 *bhreu-「发酵」。

barm

「酵母、泡沫」也是 *bhreu- 一支,指啤酒发酵时的浮沫

breadth 勿混

breadth「宽度」出自古英语 brād「广」,与 bread 仅同形、词源无关

外围日耳曼

德语 Brot「面包」· 荷兰语 brood

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 23 词)
bread/bred/
n. 面包;食物;生计
源brēad<*bhreu-
构bread(发酵面团)
链一块→面包→生计
例loaf of bread。
bread and butter/ˌbred ən ˈbʌtər/
名 涂黄油面包;生计;adj. 基本的
源bread
构bread
链面包加黄油
例The bread and butter is widely used in this kind of work.

bread basket/ˈbred bæskɪt/
名 面包篮;产粮区;胃
源bread
构bread
链盛面包之篮
例The bread basket is widely used in this kind of work.

bread knife/ˈbred naɪf/
名 面包刀
源bread
构bread
链切面包之刀
例The bread knife is widely used in this kind of work.

bread roll/ˈbred roʊl/
名 小圆面包;餐包
源bread
构bread
链小面包卷
例The bread roll is widely used in this kind of work.

breadcrumb/ˈbredkrʌm/
名 面包屑;导航路径
源bread
构bread
链面包之屑
例The breadcrumb is widely used in this kind of work.

breaded/ˈbredɪd/
形 裹面包屑的
源bread
构bread
链裹上面包屑
例The new rule will be breaded for everyone in the group.

breadfruit/ˈbredfruːt/
名 面包果
源bread
构bread
链面包味之果
例The breadfruit is widely used in this kind of work.

breading/ˈbredɪŋ/
名 裹粉;面包屑涂层
源bread
构bread
链裹粉动作
例The whole breading took several hours to complete.

breadline/ˈbredlaɪn/
形 等待救济的队伍;贫困线
源bread
构bread
链领救济食物之队
例The new rule will be breadline for everyone in the group.

breads/bredz/
名 面包种类(复数)
源bread
构bread
链多种面包
例The breads is widely used in this kind of work.

breadstick/ˈbredstɪk/
名 面包棒;棍形面包
源bread
构bread
链棍状面包
例The breadstick is widely used in this kind of work.

breadwinner/ˈbredwɪnər/
名 养家糊口的人;经济支柱
源bread
构bread
链挣得面包之人
例The breadwinner arrived at the office earlier than usual.

daily bread/ˈdeɪli bred/
名 每日食粮;生计
源bread
构bread
链每日之食
例The daily bread is widely used in this kind of work.

garlic bread/ˈɡɑːrlɪk bred/
名 蒜蓉面包
源bread
构bread
链蒜香面包
例The garlic bread is widely used in this kind of work.

rye bread/ˈraɪ bred/
名 黑麦面包
源bread
构bread
链黑麦面包
例The rye bread is widely used in this kind of work.

white bread/ˈwaɪt bred/
名 白面包
源bread
构bread
链白面面包
例The white bread is widely used in this kind of work.

whole wheat bread/ˈhoʊl wiːt bred/
名 全麦面包
源bread
构bread
链全麦面包
例The whole wheat bread is widely used in this kind of work.

brew/bruː/
动 酿造;冲泡;酝酿;n 酿造物
源bread
构bread
例The manager decided to brew the problem before the meeting.

brewery/ˈbruːəri/
名 啤酒厂;酿造厂
源brew + -ery
构brew + -ery
例They met near the brewery after the work was finished.

broth/brɔːθ/
名 肉汤;清汤;培养液
源bread
构bread
例The broth is widely used in this kind of work.

shortbread/ˈʃɔːrtbred/
名 酥饼;奶油甜酥饼
源short 酥脆 + bread
构short 酥脆 + bread
例The shortbread is widely used in this kind of work.

breadbasket/ˈbredˌbæskɪt/
名 面包篮;胃;产粮区
源bread + basket 篮
构bread + basket 篮
例The breadbasket is widely used in this kind of work.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *bhreu-

同一个 PIE *bhreu-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:

N · 日耳曼本页 bread/brew/broth
L · 拉丁 fervere/ferment(待补)
G · 希腊 phrygein(待补)