日耳曼字根 N49 · drink:喝·饮(PIE OE drincan)

GERMANIC ROOT · N049 · 日耳曼字根

drink / drink喝 · 饮 · 酒

古英语 drincan(PIE 根多拟 *dhengwh-「吸饮」,印欧远亲未定论)

语源:日耳曼本族(非借词)
古英语强变化:drincan · dranc · drunkon
共时词族:1 词(衍生极多)

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

drink 是日耳曼本族强变化动词,其印欧远亲在拉丁、希腊一侧没有可对应的现成字根页。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

PGmc *drinkaną → OE drincan

drink

本族同根:drank · drunk · drunkard · drunken(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

拉丁「喝」= potāre,与 drink 不同根

pot-L 篇待补

potable · potion;与日耳曼 drink 无对音关系

G · GREEK 希腊

希腊「喝」无对应本批字根页

—G 篇待补

本批希腊字根页暂无对应专页

词源定位:drink 最早见于古英语 drincan,强变化第 III 类(i-a-u 元音交替);与德语 trinken、荷兰语 drinken 同源。其 PIE 根虽有拟作 *dhengwh- 者,但跨语言对音不如 ber-/ed- 稳固。

本根不适用:梵语、拉丁一侧无可靠对音词形,不强行链接 L/G 字根页。

元音等级 Ablaut ABLAUT GRADES

drincan 属强变化第 III 类,词根元音 i/a/u 交替。

E-GRADE 现在式

*drin-

现在时词干

drink(drincan):喝

A-GRADE 过去单

*dranc

过去式词干

drank(dranc):喝(过去式)

U-GRADE 过去复/分词

*drunk-

过去复数、分词

drunk(druncen):醉的;drunken

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 drincan 到现代 drink 词族,关键语音变化。

①鼻音 + 短元音

词根 dr-i-nk 保留短元音:drink /drɪŋk/、drank /dræŋk/、drunk /drʌŋk/。

②分词形容词化

过去分词 druncen 派生形容词 drunk「醉的」与 drunken「酒醉引起的」。

③-ard 后缀

drunkard「酒鬼」:drunk + -ard(贬义施事后缀,源自古法语)。

④k → ŋk

词尾 -nk 在现代发音中实际为 /ŋk/:drink /drɪŋk/。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

drincan 是古英语强变化第 III 类动词,四个词干由 Ablaut 驱动。

不定式 INFINITIVE

*drinkaną

OE drincan

过去单数 PAST SG

*drank

OE dranc

过去复数 PAST PL

*drunkun

OE druncon

过去分词 PAST PP

*drunkana

OE (ge)druncen

拼写演变 · 文献证据

词干 古英语 中古英语 现代
现在词干 drincan drinken · drink drink
过去单数 dranc drank drank
过去分词 (ge)druncen drunken · drunk drunk

三个关键事实:① drink/drank/drunk 是 III 类经典三态(与 sing/sang/sung 同类);② drunk 由分词转为形容词「醉的」;③ drunk driving「酒驾」、drink to「为…干杯」为现代高频搭配。

-ard贬义施事:drunkard「酒鬼」
-en形容词:drunken「酒醉引起的」
-ingdrinking water「饮用水」
soft/hard drink复合:软饮料 / 烈酒

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

drink 各义由「喝」逐级引申。

喝(水)

OE

→

喝酒

OE

→

醉 drunk

结果 · OE

→

(为…)干杯 drink to

ME
习语:drink like a fish「牛饮」· drink up「喝光」· drink to「为…干杯」· drink in「陶醉地看」· drink and drive「酒驾」。

类型学验证 · 「喝 → 陶醉」

drink in「如饮般陶醉地吸收」是通感隐喻:汉语说「饱览美景」「醉心于此」,英语 drink in 同理——把「吸饮」的动作移到「视听享受」上。

drink/drɪŋk/S 核心
drink

喝 / 饮

古英语 drincan「喝」< PGmc *drinkaną

动 喝,饮 名 喝,饮,饮料,酒

衍

drank v 喝(过去式) drunk adj 醉的 drunkard n 酒鬼 drunken adj 醉酒的

soft drink n 软饮料 hard drink n 烈酒 drinking water n 饮用水 drunk driving n 酒驾

drink up v 喝光 drink to v 为…干杯 non-drinker n 不饮酒者 drinking fountain n 饮水器

▪ Please drink a glass of water after the long walk.
走了远路后请喝杯水。

▪ We ordered a cold drink at the cafe.
我们在咖啡馆点了一杯冷饮。

▪ He does not drink alcohol at all.
他滴酒不沾。

▪ Soft drink sales rise in the hot summer.
软饮料销量在炎热的夏天上升。

drink in/ˈdrɪŋk ɪn/C
drink

陶醉地看;吸入;倾听

古英语 drink 家族:drink(如饮般吸收)

名 陶醉地看;吸入;倾听

▪ They had to drink in before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不陶醉地看。

▪ The team will drink in once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会陶醉地看。

▪ She decided to drink in after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定陶醉地看。

▪ Nobody expected things to drink in so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快陶醉地看。

drink like a fish/ˈdrɪŋk laɪk ə fɪʃ/C
drink

豪饮;牛饮

古英语 drink 家族:drink(如鱼饮水般豪饮)

名 豪饮;牛饮

▪ The drink like a fish is widely used in this kind of work.
豪饮在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drink like a fish in a safe place after use.
用后请把豪饮放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drink like a fish to the entrance of the building.
团队把豪饮搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drink like a fish at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的豪饮。

drink to/ˈdrɪŋk tu/C
drink

为…干杯;举杯祝

古英语 drink 家族:drink(举杯祝)

名 为…干杯;举杯祝

▪ The drink to is widely used in this kind of work.
为…干杯在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drink to in a safe place after use.
用后请把为…干杯放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drink to to the entrance of the building.
团队把为…干杯搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drink to at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的为…干杯。

drink up/ˈdrɪŋk ʌp/C
drink

喝光;一饮而尽

古英语 drink 家族:drink(喝个干净)

名 喝光;一饮而尽

▪ They had to drink up before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不喝光。

▪ The team will drink up once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会喝光。

▪ She decided to drink up after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定喝光。

▪ Nobody expected things to drink up so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快喝光。

drinkable/ˈdrɪŋkəbl/C
drink

可饮用的;n. 饮料

古英语 drink 家族:drink(可喝)

形 可饮用的;n. 饮料

▪ The new rule will be drinkable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可饮用的。

▪ They considered the plan drinkable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可饮用的。

▪ The manager gave a drinkable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可饮用的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be drinkable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可饮用的的。

drinker/ˈdrɪŋkər/C
drink

饮酒者;酒徒

古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮酒之人)

名 饮酒者;酒徒

▪ The drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位饮酒者比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained drinker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的饮酒者知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced drinker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的饮酒者。

▪ The drinker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,饮酒者回答了记者的提问。

drinking/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ/C
drink

喝;饮酒;adj. 饮用的

古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮用之中)

名 喝;饮酒;adj. 饮用的

▪ The whole drinking took several hours to complete.
整个喝过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper drinking is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的喝至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of drinking with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了喝的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the drinking.
经理就喝写了一份清晰的报告。

drinking water/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ wɔːtər/C
drink

饮用水

古英语 drink 家族:drink(可饮之水)

名 饮用水

▪ The drinking water is widely used in this kind of work.
饮用水在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drinking water in a safe place after use.
用后请把饮用水放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drinking water to the entrance of the building.
团队把饮用水搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drinking water at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的饮用水。

drinks/drɪŋks/C
drink

饮料(复数);v. 喝(三单)

古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮料)

动 饮料(复数);v. 喝(三单)

▪ The manager decided to drinks the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前饮料这个问题。

▪ She will drinks the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去饮料这项任务。

▪ They need to drinks the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要饮料这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to drinks the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就饮料了计划。

drunk/drʌŋk/S 核心
drink

醉的;v. drink 过分;n. 醉汉

古英语 drink 家族:drink(喝醉)

形 醉的;v. drink 过分;n. 醉汉

▪ The new rule will be drunk for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是醉的。

▪ They considered the plan drunk after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是醉的。

▪ The manager gave a drunk answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个醉的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be drunk before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是醉的的。

drunk driving/ˈdrʌŋk draɪvɪŋ/C
drink

酒后驾车

古英语 drink 家族:drink(醉酒驾驶)

名 酒后驾车

▪ The drunk driving is widely used in this kind of work.
酒后驾车在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drunk driving in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒后驾车放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drunk driving to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒后驾车搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drunk driving at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒后驾车。

drunkard/ˈdrʌŋkərd/C
drink

酒鬼;醉汉

古英语 drink 家族:drink(嗜醉之人)

名 酒鬼;醉汉

▪ The drunkard is widely used in this kind of work.
酒鬼在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drunkard in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒鬼放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drunkard to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒鬼搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drunkard at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒鬼。

drunken/ˈdrʌŋkən/C
drink

醉酒的;酒醉引起的

古英语 drink 家族:drink(醉酒状态)

形 醉酒的;酒醉引起的

▪ The new rule will be drunken for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是醉酒的。

▪ They considered the plan drunken after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是醉酒的。

▪ The manager gave a drunken answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个醉酒的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be drunken before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是醉酒的的。

hard drink/ˈhɑːrd drɪŋk/C
drink

烈酒;含酒精饮料

古英语 drink 家族:drink(烈性酒)

名 烈酒;含酒精饮料

▪ The hard drink is widely used in this kind of work.
烈酒在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the hard drink in a safe place after use.
用后请把烈酒放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the hard drink to the entrance of the building.
团队把烈酒搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable hard drink at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的烈酒。

non-drinker/ˌnɑːn ˈdrɪŋkər/C
drink

不饮酒者;滴酒不沾者

古英语 drink 家族:drink(不饮酒之人)

名 不饮酒者;滴酒不沾者

▪ The non-drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位不饮酒者比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained non-drinker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的不饮酒者知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced non-drinker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的不饮酒者。

▪ The non-drinker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,不饮酒者回答了记者的提问。

soft drink/ˈsɔːft drɪŋk/C
drink

软饮料;汽水

古英语 drink 家族:drink(无酒精饮料)

名 软饮料;汽水

▪ The soft drink is widely used in this kind of work.
软饮料在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the soft drink in a safe place after use.
用后请把软饮料放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the soft drink to the entrance of the building.
团队把软饮料搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable soft drink at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的软饮料。

drench/drentʃ/B
drink

使湿透;浸透;灌药

古英语 drink 家族:drink(使湿透;浸透;灌药)

动 使湿透;浸透;灌药

▪ The manager decided to drench the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使湿透这个问题。

▪ She will drench the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使湿透这项任务。

▪ They need to drench the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使湿透这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to drench the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使湿透了计划。

drown/draʊn/A
drink

淹死;淹没;浸没

古英语 drink 家族:drink(淹死;淹没;浸没)

动 淹死;淹没;浸没

▪ The manager decided to drown the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前淹死这个问题。

▪ She will drown the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去淹死这项任务。

▪ They need to drown the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要淹死这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to drown the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就淹死了计划。

drunkdriving/ˌdrʌŋkˈdraɪvɪŋ/C
drunk
driving

酒后驾车

古英语 drink 家族:drunk + driving(酒后驾车)

名 酒后驾车

▪ The drunkdriving is widely used in this kind of work.
酒后驾车在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the drunkdriving in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒后驾车放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the drunkdriving to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒后驾车搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable drunkdriving at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒后驾车。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

drink(PGmc *drinkaną;印欧根多拟 *dhengwh-)
│
└─ OE drincan(强变化 III 类)── drink
     ├─ 过去式 drank
     ├─ 分词 drunk ── drunkard · drunken · drunk driving
     └─ 复合:soft drink · hard drink · drinking water

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

drincan、dranc、druncen 是古英语真实形式;PIE 根为拟测、未定论。

入英年代

本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠,属核心「本族层」。

频率与地位

drink 是前 1000 高频词;drunk、drunkard、drunken 均为常用词。

方法说明:跨语言对音不稳固时,不强行链接拉丁 potāre 或希腊字根——potāre 与 drink 仅同义、非同根。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

drink 在日耳曼语内部同源稳固,拉丁「喝」则走了另一条路。

GERMANIC 日耳曼内部

trinken / drinken

德语 trinken「喝」· 荷兰语 drinken,与英语 drink 是近亲。

LATIN 拉丁(不同源)

potāre「to drink」

拉丁 potāre「喝」→ potable「可饮的」· potion「一服、药水」,与 drink 不同根。

punch-drunk

原指「被打得晕头转向」,后引申迷迷糊糊

syndrome 类

本根属身体动词核心层,无学术借词后代

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 20 词)
drink/drɪŋk/
v. 喝;饮;n. 饮料;酒
源drincan
构drink(喝)
链喝→喝酒→醉
例drink water。
drink in/ˈdrɪŋk ɪn/
名 陶醉地看;吸入;倾听
源drink
构drink
链如饮般吸收
例They had to drink in before the situation got worse.

drink like a fish/ˈdrɪŋk laɪk ə fɪʃ/
名 豪饮;牛饮
源drink
构drink
链如鱼饮水般豪饮
例The drink like a fish is widely used in this kind of work.

drink to/ˈdrɪŋk tu/
名 为…干杯;举杯祝
源drink
构drink
链举杯祝
例The drink to is widely used in this kind of work.

drink up/ˈdrɪŋk ʌp/
名 喝光;一饮而尽
源drink
构drink
链喝个干净
例They had to drink up before the situation got worse.

drinkable/ˈdrɪŋkəbl/
形 可饮用的;n. 饮料
源drink
构drink
链可喝
例The new rule will be drinkable for everyone in the group.

drinker/ˈdrɪŋkər/
名 饮酒者;酒徒
源drink
构drink
链饮酒之人
例The drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.

drinking/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ/
名 喝;饮酒;adj. 饮用的
源drink
构drink
链饮用之中
例The whole drinking took several hours to complete.

drinking water/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ wɔːtər/
名 饮用水
源drink
构drink
链可饮之水
例The drinking water is widely used in this kind of work.

drinks/drɪŋks/
动 饮料(复数);v. 喝(三单)
源drink
构drink
链饮料
例The manager decided to drinks the problem before the meeting.

drunk/drʌŋk/
形 醉的;v. drink 过分;n. 醉汉
源drink
构drink
链喝醉
例The new rule will be drunk for everyone in the group.

drunk driving/ˈdrʌŋk draɪvɪŋ/
名 酒后驾车
源drink
构drink
链醉酒驾驶
例The drunk driving is widely used in this kind of work.

drunkard/ˈdrʌŋkərd/
名 酒鬼;醉汉
源drink
构drink
链嗜醉之人
例The drunkard is widely used in this kind of work.

drunken/ˈdrʌŋkən/
形 醉酒的;酒醉引起的
源drink
构drink
链醉酒状态
例The new rule will be drunken for everyone in the group.

hard drink/ˈhɑːrd drɪŋk/
名 烈酒;含酒精饮料
源drink
构drink
链烈性酒
例The hard drink is widely used in this kind of work.

non-drinker/ˌnɑːn ˈdrɪŋkər/
名 不饮酒者;滴酒不沾者
源drink
构drink
链不饮酒之人
例The non-drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.

soft drink/ˈsɔːft drɪŋk/
名 软饮料;汽水
源drink
构drink
链无酒精饮料
例The soft drink is widely used in this kind of work.

drench/drentʃ/
动 使湿透;浸透;灌药
源drink
构drink
例The manager decided to drench the problem before the meeting.

drown/draʊn/
动 淹死;淹没;浸没
源drink
构drink
例The manager decided to drown the problem before the meeting.

drunkdriving/ˌdrʌŋkˈdraɪvɪŋ/
名 酒后驾车
源drunk + driving
构drunk + driving
例The drunkdriving is widely used in this kind of work.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · drink

drink 为日耳曼本族强变化动词,拉丁/希腊一侧为不同源的「喝」字根:

N · 日耳曼本页 drink/drank/drunk
L · 拉丁 potāre/potion(待补,不同源)
G · 希腊(待补)