日耳曼字根 N52 · milk:奶·乳(PIE *h₂melǵ-)

GERMANIC ROOT · N052 · 日耳曼字根

milk / milk乳 · 奶 · 挤奶

PIE root *h₂melǵ- 「to milk, wipe」

语源:日耳曼本族(非借词)
古英语 meolc/milc「奶」
共时词族:1 词(衍生多)

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

同一个印欧根 *h₂melǵ-「挤奶、擦拭」,英语 milk、拉丁 mulgēre、希腊 amélgein 本是一家。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

*h₂melǵ- → PGmc *meluks → OE meolc

milk

本族同根:milky · milkshake · mildew(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

*h₂melǵ- → Latin mulgēre「to milk」

mulg-L 篇待补

mulgēre;本批拉丁字根页暂无专页

G · GREEK 希腊

*h₂melǵ- → Greek amélgein「to milk」

amelg-G 篇待补

本批希腊字根页暂无专页

词源要点:milk 的 PIE 本义是「擦拭、挤(乳汁)」——挤奶正是「擦、捋」乳头的动作。拉丁 mulgēre「挤奶」、希腊 amélgein「挤奶」与英语 milk 同根。

最远同源可溯至拉丁 mulgēre、希腊 amélgein、古教会斯拉夫 mlězdo。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

milk 兼作名词与弱变化动词,不靠 Ablaut;其词族由 milk 加成分扩展。

名词

meolc

「奶」

milk:牛奶、乳汁

动词(弱)

milcan

「挤奶」

milk(动):挤奶、榨取

形容词

milky

「奶的」

Milky Way:银河(「奶色之路」)

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 *h₂melǵ- 到现代 milk 词族,关键语音变化。

①元音交替 eo/i

古英语双形 meolc / milc;现代取短 i 形:milk /mɪlk/。

②词尾 -k

PIE 软腭音 *ǵ 经格林定律变为日耳曼 -k:milk /mɪlk/(对比拉丁 mulgēre 保留 g)。

③mildew 的 -dew

古英语 mealdeāw「霉」(meal「粉」+ dew「露」),与 milk 仅形近、词源不同,勿混。

④-y 形容词

milk + -y → milky「奶白色的」;Milky Way 直译「奶色路」即银河。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

milk 是名词兼弱变化动词,无 Ablaut。

名词 NOUN

milk

OE meolc「奶」

动词 VERB

milk · milked

「挤奶」(弱变化)

形容词

milky

「奶色的」

拼写演变 · 文献证据

词 古英语 中古英语 现代
奶 meolc · milc milk · melk milk
挤奶 meolcian milken milk(动)

三个关键事实:① milk 既是「奶」又是「挤奶」;② Milky Way「银河」直译「奶色之路」(与拉丁语 via lactea 同义);③ milk 作动词引申「榨取、利用」(milk a company for profit)。

-ymilky「奶色的」
milkshake奶昔
milkman送奶工
breast milk母乳

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

milk 各义由「乳汁」逐级引申。

乳汁(奶)

OE

→

挤奶(动)

OE

→

榨取、利用

隐喻 · ME

→

奶白色 Milky Way

ME
习语:milk and honey「丰饶之地」· land of milk and honey「流奶与蜜之地」· milk someone dry「榨干某人」· cry over spilt milk「覆水难收」· Milky Way「银河」。

类型学验证 · 「挤奶 → 榨取」

「挤奶」引申「榨取、盘剥」是跨语言隐喻:汉语说「榨干」「吮血」,英语 milk (a company / a sponsor) for all it’s worth 同理。

milk/mɪlk/S 核心
milk

奶 / 挤奶

古英语 meolc「奶」< PGmc *meluks < PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 奶,乳,乳汁 动 挤奶,榨取

衍

milky adj 奶色的 milkshake n 奶昔 milkman n 送奶工

Milky Way n 银河 breast milk n 母乳 milk powder n 奶粉 soy milk n 豆浆

▪ She drinks a glass of milk every morning.
她每天早上喝一杯牛奶。

▪ The farmer went to milk the cows before dawn.
农夫黎明前去挤牛奶。

▪ A cloud of stars makes up the Milky Way.
繁星构成了银河。

▪ They milked the event for all the publicity it could give.
他们尽可能利用这活动来做宣传。

milky/ˈmɪlki/A
milk-y

乳 / 形容词

milk(meolc)+ -y

形 乳状的,乳白色的,含奶的

▪ The milky sky looked soft before the rain.
乳白色的天空在雨前显得柔和。

▪ She prefers her coffee milky and sweet.
她喜欢咖啡加奶加糖。

▪ The milky sap of the plant can irritate skin.
这种植物的乳白色汁液会刺激皮肤。

▪ A milky glow spread across the morning sky.
一抹乳白色的光晕漫过早空。

breast milk/ˈbrest mɪlk/C
milk

母乳

古英语 milk 家族:milk(母乳);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 母乳

▪ The breast milk is widely used in this kind of work.
母乳在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the breast milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把母乳放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the breast milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把母乳搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable breast milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的母乳。

milk and honey/ˌmɪlk ən ˈhʌni/C
milk

丰饶;富饶之地

古英语 milk 家族:milk(奶与蜜);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

副 丰饶;富饶之地

▪ The team milk and honey finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前丰饶完成了任务。

▪ She milk and honey checked the results and then signed the form.
她丰饶核对了结果,然后签了表。

▪ The rules were milk and honey changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被丰饶修改了。

▪ He spoke milk and honey so that everyone could understand.
他丰饶发言,好让每个人都听懂。

milk carton/ˈmɪlk kɑːrtn/C
milk

牛奶盒;奶箱

古英语 milk 家族:milk(盛奶之盒);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 牛奶盒;奶箱

▪ The milk carton is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶盒在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milk carton in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶盒放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milk carton to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶盒搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milk carton at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶盒。

milk chocolate/ˈmɪlk tʃɔːklət/C
milk

牛奶巧克力

古英语 milk 家族:milk(加奶巧克力);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 牛奶巧克力

▪ The milk chocolate is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶巧克力在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milk chocolate in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶巧克力放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milk chocolate to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶巧克力搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milk chocolate at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶巧克力。

milk powder/ˈmɪlk paʊdər/C
milk

奶粉

古英语 milk 家族:milk(脱水奶粉);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 奶粉

▪ The milk powder is widely used in this kind of work.
奶粉在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milk powder in a safe place after use.
用后请把奶粉放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milk powder to the entrance of the building.
团队把奶粉搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milk powder at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的奶粉。

milk tooth/ˈmɪlk tuːθ/C
milk

乳牙;乳齿

古英语 milk 家族:milk(幼时乳齿);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 乳牙;乳齿

▪ The milk tooth is widely used in this kind of work.
乳牙在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milk tooth in a safe place after use.
用后请把乳牙放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milk tooth to the entrance of the building.
团队把乳牙搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milk tooth at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的乳牙。

milked/mɪlkt/C
milk

挤奶(过去式/过分)

古英语 milk 家族:milk(曾挤奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

形 挤奶(过去式/过分)

▪ The new rule will be milked for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是挤奶。

▪ They considered the plan milked after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是挤奶。

▪ The manager gave a milked answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个挤奶的答复。

▪ Every solution must be milked before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是挤奶的。

milker/ˈmɪlkər/C
milk

挤奶者;挤奶器;乳牛

古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之人/器);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 挤奶者;挤奶器;乳牛

▪ The milker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位挤奶者比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained milker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的挤奶者知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced milker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的挤奶者。

▪ The milker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,挤奶者回答了记者的提问。

milking/ˈmɪlkɪŋ/C
milk

挤奶;adj. 产奶的

古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之中);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 挤奶;adj. 产奶的

▪ The whole milking took several hours to complete.
整个挤奶过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper milking is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的挤奶至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of milking with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了挤奶的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the milking.
经理就挤奶写了一份清晰的报告。

milkmaid/ˈmɪlkmeɪd/C
milk

挤奶女工;牧场女工

古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶之女);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 挤奶女工;牧场女工

▪ The milkmaid is widely used in this kind of work.
挤奶女工在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milkmaid in a safe place after use.
用后请把挤奶女工放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milkmaid to the entrance of the building.
团队把挤奶女工搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milkmaid at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的挤奶女工。

milkman/ˈmɪlkmən/C
milk

送奶工;卖奶人

古英语 milk 家族:milk(送奶之人);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 送奶工;卖奶人

▪ The milkman is widely used in this kind of work.
送奶工在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milkman in a safe place after use.
用后请把送奶工放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milkman to the entrance of the building.
团队把送奶工搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milkman at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的送奶工。

milks/mɪlks/C
milk

挤奶(三单);n. 奶

古英语 milk 家族:milk(挤奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

动 挤奶(三单);n. 奶

▪ The manager decided to milks the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前挤奶这个问题。

▪ She will milks the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去挤奶这项任务。

▪ They need to milks the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要挤奶这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to milks the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就挤奶了计划。

milkshake/ˈmɪlkʃeɪk/C
milk

奶昔

古英语 milk 家族:milk(摇匀之奶饮);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 奶昔

▪ The milkshake is widely used in this kind of work.
奶昔在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milkshake in a safe place after use.
用后请把奶昔放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milkshake to the entrance of the building.
团队把奶昔搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milkshake at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的奶昔。

milkweed/ˈmɪlkwiːd/C
milk

马利筋;乳草

古英语 milk 家族:milk(含白浆之草);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

形 马利筋;乳草

▪ The new rule will be milkweed for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是马利筋。

▪ They considered the plan milkweed after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是马利筋。

▪ The manager gave a milkweed answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个马利筋的答复。

▪ Every solution must be milkweed before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是马利筋的。

skim milk/ˈskɪm mɪlk/C
milk

脱脂奶

古英语 milk 家族:milk(撇去脂肪之奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 脱脂奶

▪ The skim milk is widely used in this kind of work.
脱脂奶在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the skim milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把脱脂奶放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the skim milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把脱脂奶搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable skim milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的脱脂奶。

whole milk/ˈhoʊl mɪlk/C
milk

全脂奶

古英语 milk 家族:milk(未脱脂之奶);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 全脂奶

▪ The whole milk is widely used in this kind of work.
全脂奶在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the whole milk in a safe place after use.
用后请把全脂奶放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the whole milk to the entrance of the building.
团队把全脂奶搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable whole milk at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的全脂奶。

milksop/ˈmɪlksɑːp/C
milk
sop 浸奶面包

懦弱的人;懦夫

古英语 milk 家族:milk + sop 浸奶面包(懦弱的人;懦夫);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 懦弱的人;懦夫

▪ The milksop arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位懦弱的人比平时更早到了办公室。

▪ A trained milksop knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的懦弱的人知道如何处理这类问题。

▪ They hired an experienced milksop for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的懦弱的人。

▪ The milksop answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,懦弱的人回答了记者的提问。

milktooth/ˈmɪlktuːθ/C
milk
tooth

乳齿

古英语 milk 家族:milk + tooth(乳齿);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 乳齿

▪ The milktooth is widely used in this kind of work.
乳齿在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milktooth in a safe place after use.
用后请把乳齿放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milktooth to the entrance of the building.
团队把乳齿搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milktooth at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的乳齿。

milkchocolate/mɪlkˈtʃɔːklət/C
milk
chocolate

牛奶巧克力

古英语 milk 家族:milk + chocolate(牛奶巧克力);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

名 牛奶巧克力

▪ The milkchocolate is widely used in this kind of work.
牛奶巧克力在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the milkchocolate in a safe place after use.
用后请把牛奶巧克力放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the milkchocolate to the entrance of the building.
团队把牛奶巧克力搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable milkchocolate at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的牛奶巧克力。

promulgate/ˈprɒm(ə)lɡeɪt/B
milk

传播,宣传;颁布,公布

古英语 milk 家族:milk(传播,宣传;颁布,公布);< PIE *h₂melǵ-「挤奶」

动 传播,宣传;颁布,公布

▪ The manager decided to promulgate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前传播这个问题。

▪ She will promulgate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去传播这项任务。

▪ They need to promulgate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要传播这些材料。

▪ Nobody expected him to promulgate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就传播了计划。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PIE *h₂melǵ-(to milk, wipe)
│
└─ PGmc *meluks ── OE meolc ── milk
     ├─ milky ── Milky Way
     ├─ milkshake · milkman · breast milk
     └─ 动:挤奶 → 榨取
(拉丁 mulgēre「挤奶」、希腊 amélgein「挤奶」同根,本批无专页)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

带星号 *h₂melǵ-、*meluks 为构拟形;meolc、milc 是古英语真实形式。

入英年代

本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠。

频率与地位

milk 是前 1000 高频名词;milky、Milky Way 常见。

三重证据法:格林定律(*ǵ → k)→ 跨语言对音(拉丁 mulgēre、希腊 amélgein)→ 古英语文献年代。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

*h₂melǵ-「挤奶」在拉丁、希腊都有整齐对应。

LATIN 拉丁

mulgēre「to milk」

mulgēre「挤奶」与英语 milk 同根;英语无直接常用后代词。

GREEK 希腊

amélgein「to milk」

amélgein「挤奶」,前缀 a- 强化;与日耳曼 milk 同源。

Galaxy

希腊 galaxias「奶色的(环)」,galact- 即「奶」,与 milk 同概念不同根

mildew 勿混

mildew「霉」= meal(粉)+ dew(露),与 milk 词源无关

外围日耳曼

德语 Milch「奶」· 荷兰语 melk

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 22 词)
milk/mɪlk/
n. 奶;v. 挤奶;榨取
源meolc<*h₂melǵ-
构milk(挤奶/奶)
链乳汁→挤奶→榨取
例glass of milk。
milky/ˈmɪlki/
adj. 乳状的;乳白色的
源milk+-y
构奶+形
链奶色→Milky Way
例milky sky。
breast milk/ˈbrest mɪlk/
名 母乳
源milk
构milk
链母乳
例The breast milk is widely used in this kind of work.

milk and honey/ˌmɪlk ən ˈhʌni/
副 丰饶;富饶之地
源milk
构milk
链奶与蜜
例The team milk and honey finished the task before the deadline.

milk carton/ˈmɪlk kɑːrtn/
名 牛奶盒;奶箱
源milk
构milk
链盛奶之盒
例The milk carton is widely used in this kind of work.

milk chocolate/ˈmɪlk tʃɔːklət/
名 牛奶巧克力
源milk
构milk
链加奶巧克力
例The milk chocolate is widely used in this kind of work.

milk powder/ˈmɪlk paʊdər/
名 奶粉
源milk
构milk
链脱水奶粉
例The milk powder is widely used in this kind of work.

milk tooth/ˈmɪlk tuːθ/
名 乳牙;乳齿
源milk
构milk
链幼时乳齿
例The milk tooth is widely used in this kind of work.

milked/mɪlkt/
形 挤奶(过去式/过分)
源milk
构milk
链曾挤奶
例The new rule will be milked for everyone in the group.

milker/ˈmɪlkər/
名 挤奶者;挤奶器;乳牛
源milk
构milk
链挤奶之人/器
例The milker arrived at the office earlier than usual.

milking/ˈmɪlkɪŋ/
名 挤奶;adj. 产奶的
源milk
构milk
链挤奶之中
例The whole milking took several hours to complete.

milkmaid/ˈmɪlkmeɪd/
名 挤奶女工;牧场女工
源milk
构milk
链挤奶之女
例The milkmaid is widely used in this kind of work.

milkman/ˈmɪlkmən/
名 送奶工;卖奶人
源milk
构milk
链送奶之人
例The milkman is widely used in this kind of work.

milks/mɪlks/
动 挤奶(三单);n. 奶
源milk
构milk
链挤奶
例The manager decided to milks the problem before the meeting.

milkshake/ˈmɪlkʃeɪk/
名 奶昔
源milk
构milk
链摇匀之奶饮
例The milkshake is widely used in this kind of work.

milkweed/ˈmɪlkwiːd/
形 马利筋;乳草
源milk
构milk
链含白浆之草
例The new rule will be milkweed for everyone in the group.

skim milk/ˈskɪm mɪlk/
名 脱脂奶
源milk
构milk
链撇去脂肪之奶
例The skim milk is widely used in this kind of work.

whole milk/ˈhoʊl mɪlk/
名 全脂奶
源milk
构milk
链未脱脂之奶
例The whole milk is widely used in this kind of work.

milksop/ˈmɪlksɑːp/
名 懦弱的人;懦夫
源milk + sop 浸奶面包
构milk + sop 浸奶面包
例The milksop arrived at the office earlier than usual.

milktooth/ˈmɪlktuːθ/
名 乳齿
源milk + tooth
构milk + tooth
例The milktooth is widely used in this kind of work.

milkchocolate/mɪlkˈtʃɔːklət/
名 牛奶巧克力
源milk + chocolate
构milk + chocolate
例The milkchocolate is widely used in this kind of work.

promulgate/ˈprɒm(ə)lɡeɪt/
动 传播,宣传;颁布,公布
源milk
构milk
例The manager decided to promulgate the problem before the meeting.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *h₂melǵ-

同一个 PIE *h₂melǵ-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:

N · 日耳曼本页 milk
L · 拉丁 mulgēre(待补)
G · 希腊 amélgein(待补)