日耳曼字根 N62 · thaw:融化·缓和(PIE *tā-)

GERMANIC ROOT · N062 · 日耳曼字根

thaw / thaw融化 · 解冻 · 缓和

古英语 þawian「融化」(PIE 多拟 *tā-「融、松」,印欧远亲未定论)

语源:日耳曼本族(非借词)
弱变化动词:thaw · thawed · thawed
共时词族:1 词(衍生少)

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

thaw 是日耳曼本族弱变化动词,其印欧远亲在拉丁、希腊一侧没有可对应的现成字根页。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

PGmc *thawōną → OE þawian

thaw

本族同根:thaws · thaw out · spring thaw(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

拉丁「融」无对应本批字根页

—L 篇待补

本批拉丁字根页暂无对应专页

G · GREEK 希腊

希腊「融」无对应本批字根页

—G 篇待补

本批希腊字根页暂无对应专页

词源定位:thaw 最早见于古英语 þawian「(冰雪)融化」,与德语 auftauen「解冻」同源。其 PIE 根虽有拟作 *tā-「松、融」者,但跨语言对音不如 cold/freeze 稳固。

本根不适用:梵语、拉丁一侧无可靠对音词形,不强行链接 L/G 字根页。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

thaw 是弱变化动词,不靠 Ablaut;其词族围绕「解冻、缓和」扩展。

动词(弱)

thaw · thawed

「融化」

thaw:(冰)融化、解冻

名词

thaw

「解冻期」

spring thaw:春融、解冻期

隐喻

thaw relations

「(关系)缓和」

冷战缓和、关系回暖

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 þawian 到现代 thaw,关键语音变化。

①词首 θ 保留

古英语齿擦音 þ- 在现代英语保留为 /θ/:thaw /θɔː/。

②元音 /ɔː/

古英语 aw 演化为现代 /ɔː/:thaw /θɔː/(与 law 押韵)。

③弱变化 -ed

过去式加 -ed:thawed /θɔːd/。

④与 freeze 相对

thaw「融」与 freeze「冻」是一对天气反义动词,常成对出现(freeze and thaw)。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

thaw 是弱变化动词,三词干同形规则。

现在式

thaw

OE þawian

过去式

thawed

弱变化 -ed

过去分词

thawed

同过去式

拼写演变 · 文献证据

词干 古英语 中古英语 现代
现在 þawian thawen · thaw thaw
过去 — thawed thawed

三个关键事实:① thaw 是 freeze 的反义;② 名词义「解冻期」(January thaw「一月回暖」);③ 隐喻「(关系)缓和」(冷战 thaw)。

thaw out完全解冻、暖和过来
spring thaw春季解冻
January thaw一月小阳春

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

thaw 各义由「冰雪融化」逐级引申。

冰雪融化

OE

→

解冻(食物)

ME

→

(关系/气氛)缓和

隐喻 · 现代
习语:thaw out「暖和过来、解冻」· spring thaw「春融」· January thaw「一月小阳春」· relations thaw「关系缓和」。

类型学验证 · 「融 → 缓和」

「冰化了」→「(冷硬的气氛)缓和了」是跨语言隐喻:汉语「融冰」「和解」,英语 the cold war thawed 同理。

thaw/θɔː/A
thaw

融 / 解冻

古英语 þawian「融化」< PGmc *thawōną

动 融化,解冻,缓和 名 融化,解冻,缓和

衍

thaws v 融化(三单) thaw out 完全解冻 spring thaw 春季解冻 January thaw 一月回暖

thaw relations 缓和关系 ice thaw 冰融 quick thaw 快速解冻 annual thaw 解冻期

▪ The ice on the pond began to thaw as spring arrived.
春天到来时,池塘上的冰开始融化。

▪ We left the frozen meat on the kitchen counter to thaw slowly.
我们把冻肉放在厨房台面上慢慢解冻。

▪ After years of silence, the relations between the two families began to thaw.
沉默多年之后,两家人的关系开始缓和。

▪ A warm spring thaw turned the narrow paths into soft mud.
春天的回暖把狭窄的小路化成了软泥。

annual thaw/ˈænjuəl θɔː/C
thaw

一年一度的解冻期

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(每年之消融)

名 一年一度的解冻期

▪ The annual thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
一年一度的解冻期在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the annual thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把一年一度的解冻期放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the annual thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把一年一度的解冻期搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable annual thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的一年一度的解冻期。

ground thaw/ˈɡraʊnd θɔː/C
thaw

冻土解冻;地融

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(地面解冻)

名 冻土解冻;地融

▪ The ground thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
冻土解冻在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the ground thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把冻土解冻放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the ground thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把冻土解冻搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable ground thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的冻土解冻。

ice thaw/ˈaɪs θɔː/C
thaw

冰融;化冰

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(冰之消融)

名 冰融;化冰

▪ The ice thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
冰融在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the ice thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把冰融放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the ice thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把冰融搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable ice thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的冰融。

January thaw/ˈdʒænjueri θɔː/C
thaw

一月回暖;隆冬小阳春

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(一月之短暂回暖)

名 一月回暖;隆冬小阳春

▪ The January thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
一月回暖在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the January thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把一月回暖放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the January thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把一月回暖搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable January thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的一月回暖。

quick thaw/ˈkwɪk θɔː/C
thaw

快速解冻

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(快速化开)

名 快速解冻

▪ The quick thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
快速解冻在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the quick thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把快速解冻放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the quick thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把快速解冻搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable quick thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的快速解冻。

river thaw/ˈrɪvər θɔː/C
thaw

河流解冻;开河

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(河面化开)

名 河流解冻;开河

▪ The river thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
河流解冻在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the river thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把河流解冻放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the river thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把河流解冻搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable river thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的河流解冻。

slow thaw/ˈsloʊ θɔː/C
thaw

缓慢解冻;逐步缓和

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(缓慢消融)

名 缓慢解冻;逐步缓和

▪ The slow thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
缓慢解冻在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the slow thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把缓慢解冻放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the slow thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把缓慢解冻搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable slow thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缓慢解冻。

snow thaw/ˈsnoʊ θɔː/C
thaw

雪融;化雪

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(雪之消融)

名 雪融;化雪

▪ The snow thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
雪融在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the snow thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把雪融放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the snow thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把雪融搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable snow thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的雪融。

spring thaw/ˈsprɪŋ θɔː/C
thaw

春季解冻;春融

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(春日之消融)

名 春季解冻;春融

▪ The spring thaw is widely used in this kind of work.
春季解冻在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the spring thaw in a safe place after use.
用后请把春季解冻放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the spring thaw to the entrance of the building.
团队把春季解冻搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable spring thaw at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的春季解冻。

thaw frozen food/ˈθɔː ˈfroʊzn fuːd/C
thaw

解冻冷冻食品

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(化开冻食)

名 解冻冷冻食品

▪ The thaw frozen food is widely used in this kind of work.
解冻冷冻食品在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the thaw frozen food in a safe place after use.
用后请把解冻冷冻食品放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the thaw frozen food to the entrance of the building.
团队把解冻冷冻食品搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable thaw frozen food at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的解冻冷冻食品。

thaw out/ˈθɔː aʊt/C
thaw

完全解冻;暖和过来

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(彻底化开)

名 完全解冻;暖和过来

▪ They had to thaw out before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不完全解冻。

▪ The team will thaw out once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会完全解冻。

▪ She decided to thaw out after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定完全解冻。

▪ Nobody expected things to thaw out so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快完全解冻。

thaw relations/ˈθɔː rɪleɪʃnz/C
thaw

缓和关系

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(关系「回暖」)

名 缓和关系

▪ The thaw relations is widely used in this kind of work.
缓和关系在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the thaw relations in a safe place after use.
用后请把缓和关系放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the thaw relations to the entrance of the building.
团队把缓和关系搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable thaw relations at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缓和关系。

thaw the freezer/ˈθɔː ðə ˈfriːzər/C
thaw

给冰柜除霜

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(化开冰柜之霜)

名 给冰柜除霜

▪ The thaw the freezer is widely used in this kind of work.
给冰柜除霜在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the thaw the freezer in a safe place after use.
用后请把给冰柜除霜放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the thaw the freezer to the entrance of the building.
团队把给冰柜除霜搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable thaw the freezer at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的给冰柜除霜。

thaw the turkey/ˈθɔː ðə tɜːrki/C
thaw

解冻火鸡

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(化开冻火鸡)

名 解冻火鸡

▪ The thaw the turkey is widely used in this kind of work.
解冻火鸡在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the thaw the turkey in a safe place after use.
用后请把解冻火鸡放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the thaw the turkey to the entrance of the building.
团队把解冻火鸡搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable thaw the turkey at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的解冻火鸡。

thawed/θɔːd/C
thaw

融化(过去式/过分);adj. 解冻的

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(已消融)

形 融化(过去式/过分);adj. 解冻的

▪ The new rule will be thawed for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是融化。

▪ They considered the plan thawed after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是融化。

▪ The manager gave a thawed answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个融化的答复。

▪ Every solution must be thawed before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是融化的。

thawing/ˈθɔːɪŋ/C
thaw

解冻;回暖;缓和

古英语 thaw 家族:thaw(消融之中)

名 解冻;回暖;缓和

▪ The whole thawing took several hours to complete.
整个解冻过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper thawing is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的解冻至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of thawing with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了解冻的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the thawing.
经理就解冻写了一份清晰的报告。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

thaw(OE þawian「融化」;印欧根多拟 *tā-,未定论)
│
└─ OE þawian ── thaw(弱变化 thawed/thawed)
     ├─ thaw out · spring thaw · January thaw
     └─ 隐喻:thaw relations「关系缓和」
(与 freeze「冻」为天气反义对;拉丁/希腊无对应专页)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

þawian 是古英语真实形式;PIE 根为拟测、未定论。

入英年代

本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠。

频率与地位

thaw 中频,集中于天气、烹饪、外交语境。

方法说明:跨语言对音不稳固时,不强行链接拉丁/希腊字根页——这是历史比较法「宁缺毋滥」的原则。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

thaw 在日耳曼语内部同源稳固,是 freeze 的天气反义。

GERMANIC 日耳曼内部

auftauen / dooi

德语 auftauen「解冻」· 荷兰语 dooi「融」,与英语 thaw 同源。

WEATHER 反义对

freeze ⇄ thaw

freeze「冻」与 thaw「融」是一对天气反义动词,常成对出现。

冷战 thaw

1960 年代美苏关系缓和被媒体称为 a thaw

本根不适用

无学术借词后代词,词族极简

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 17 词)
thaw/θɔː/
v. 融化;解冻;缓和;n. 解冻期
源þawian
构thaw(融)
链融化→解冻→缓和
例ice begins to thaw。
annual thaw/ˈænjuəl θɔː/
名 一年一度的解冻期
源thaw
构thaw
链每年之消融
例The annual thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

ground thaw/ˈɡraʊnd θɔː/
名 冻土解冻;地融
源thaw
构thaw
链地面解冻
例The ground thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

ice thaw/ˈaɪs θɔː/
名 冰融;化冰
源thaw
构thaw
链冰之消融
例The ice thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

January thaw/ˈdʒænjueri θɔː/
名 一月回暖;隆冬小阳春
源thaw
构thaw
链一月之短暂回暖
例The January thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

quick thaw/ˈkwɪk θɔː/
名 快速解冻
源thaw
构thaw
链快速化开
例The quick thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

river thaw/ˈrɪvər θɔː/
名 河流解冻;开河
源thaw
构thaw
链河面化开
例The river thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

slow thaw/ˈsloʊ θɔː/
名 缓慢解冻;逐步缓和
源thaw
构thaw
链缓慢消融
例The slow thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

snow thaw/ˈsnoʊ θɔː/
名 雪融;化雪
源thaw
构thaw
链雪之消融
例The snow thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

spring thaw/ˈsprɪŋ θɔː/
名 春季解冻;春融
源thaw
构thaw
链春日之消融
例The spring thaw is widely used in this kind of work.

thaw frozen food/ˈθɔː ˈfroʊzn fuːd/
名 解冻冷冻食品
源thaw
构thaw
链化开冻食
例The thaw frozen food is widely used in this kind of work.

thaw out/ˈθɔː aʊt/
名 完全解冻;暖和过来
源thaw
构thaw
链彻底化开
例They had to thaw out before the situation got worse.

thaw relations/ˈθɔː rɪleɪʃnz/
名 缓和关系
源thaw
构thaw
链关系「回暖」
例The thaw relations is widely used in this kind of work.

thaw the freezer/ˈθɔː ðə ˈfriːzər/
名 给冰柜除霜
源thaw
构thaw
链化开冰柜之霜
例The thaw the freezer is widely used in this kind of work.

thaw the turkey/ˈθɔː ðə tɜːrki/
名 解冻火鸡
源thaw
构thaw
链化开冻火鸡
例The thaw the turkey is widely used in this kind of work.

thawed/θɔːd/
形 融化(过去式/过分);adj. 解冻的
源thaw
构thaw
链已消融
例The new rule will be thawed for everyone in the group.

thawing/ˈθɔːɪŋ/
名 解冻;回暖;缓和
源thaw
构thaw
链消融之中
例The whole thawing took several hours to complete.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · thaw

thaw 为日耳曼本族弱变化动词,拉丁/希腊一侧无对应字根:

N · 日耳曼本页 thaw
L · 拉丁 待补
G · 希腊 待补