LATIN ROOT · L043 · 拉丁字根
ject扔 · 抛
PIE root *ye- 「to throw, impel」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧「扔」根,拉丁 jacere 给出现在词干 jac-、完成词干 jēc- 与分词词干 jact-;英语词几乎全挂分词词干 jact-/ject-。
*ye- → Latin jacere「to throw」;分词 jactus
jaciō / jact-
eject · inject · object · project · reject · subject(详见本页)
与希腊本族词无可靠同形
—G 篇待补
希腊语另有「扔」词根,不硬挂
日耳曼无 *ye-「扔」的可靠继承
—N 篇待补
英语本族「扔」用 throw/cast
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
jacere 是第三变位 -i 类动词;英语词全挂在分词词干 jact-(英语作 ject-)上。
PRESENT 现在词干
jac-
jaciō, jacere|第三变位 -i 类
jaculāre「投掷」→ projectile;jacēre「躺下」(异根,见考辨)
PERFECT 完成词干
jēc-
jēcī|词根元音拉长(jac→jēc)
拉丁完成时:jēcī「我扔了」(英语不直接借)
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
ject-
jectum / jactus|词根元音 + -t-
eject · inject · object · project · reject · subject
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 jacere 到英语 ject- 各词,四次关键的形态—语音调整。
①完成分词 -t- 与元音
分词 jactus 经古法语 softened 为 -ject- /ˈdʒekt/;拉丁完成 jēcī 的长 ē 不在英语分词形里保留。
②c 在 e 前软化 /dʒ/
词根首 g/j 在古法腭化为 /dʒ/:ject、project、object 词首都读 /dʒ/。
③前缀同化
ob-+jacere→objicere(object);sub-→subject;in-→inject;ē-→eject;prō-→project。
④-tiō→-tion
-tiō 入英为 -tion:projection · injection · objection。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
jacere 是第三变位 -i 类动词,完成时靠元音拉长 jēcī;英语借词取分词词干 jact-。
现在 1sg
jaciō
我扔
现在不定式
jacere
to throw
完成 1sg
jēcī
我扔了
目的分词
jectum
被扔(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第三变位 -i 类(连接元音 -i-)
| 人称 | 主动 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | jaciō | jac-i-ō |
| 2 sg | jicis | jac-is |
| 3 sg | jicit | jac-it |
| 1 pl | jicimus | jic-imus |
| 2 pl | jicitis | jic-itis |
| 3 pl | jiciunt | jici-unt |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| project | projectum(proicere) | project | 14 世纪 |
| object | objectum(objicere) | object | 14 世纪 |
| reject | rejectus | rejecter | 15 世纪 |
| eject | ejectus | — | 16 世纪(直接拉丁) |
三个关键事实:① 完成时 jēcī 是元音拉长(jac→jēc),无重叠;② 英语 ject- 来自分词 jactus,经古法软化;③ -ject- 后接后缀:-ion/-ive/-or/-ile。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
jacere 核心是「扔、抛」,由「扔出/扔下」向「提出话题、使屈从」多线引申。
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向、加 / 投加(到名词)上的。 / 投 / …的
14世纪晚期,源拉丁 adjectivum(nomen adjectivum「加在名词上的词」),adicere「加到、投向」(ad- 向+jacere 投)+-ivum。
名 形容词
▪ In the phrase, the adjective modifies the noun.
在这个短语中,形容词修饰名词。
▪ She wrote a list of useful adjectives.
她列了一张有用形容词的清单。
▪ The word becomes an adjective when it ends in -ful.
这个词以 -ful 结尾时就变成了形容词。
▪ Children learn adjectives before adverbs.
孩子们先学形容词,后学副词。
向外,ex- 在 j 前省 x / 扔出去。 / 投
15世纪早期,源拉丁 ejectus,eicere「扔出、逐出」(e-/ex- 向外+jacere 投)的过去分词。
动 驱逐;弹出;排出
▪ The crew had to eject from the failing jet.
机组人员不得不从出故障的喷气飞机中弹射逃生。
▪ The machine ejects the finished parts automatically.
机器会自动弹出加工好的零件。
▪ Security ejected the noisy fans from the stadium.
保安把吵闹的球迷赶出了体育场。
▪ The printer ejected a sheet of blank paper.
打印机吐出一张白纸。
进入 / 投进去。 / 投
16世纪晚期,源拉丁 injectus,inicere「投入、掷入」(in- 进入+jacere 投)的过去分词。
动 注射;注入;引入
▪ The nurse will inject the vaccine into your arm.
护士会把疫苗注射进你的手臂。
▪ The company injected fresh capital into the project.
公司为该项目注入了新的资金。
▪ We need to inject some energy into the team.
我们需要给团队注入一些活力。
▪ The device injects fuel directly into the engine.
该装置把燃油直接喷入发动机。
进入 / 投 / 名词
15世纪早期,源晚期拉丁 injectionem(inicere 的动作名词),「投入」。
名 注射;注入;打针
▪ The nurse gave her a painless injection.
护士给她打了一针无痛针。
▪ The injection of cash saved the factory.
注资挽救了这家工厂。
▪ He received an injection against the flu.
他打了一针流感疫苗。
▪ The project needs a fresh injection of ideas.
这个项目需要注入新的创意。
对着 / 投到(眼)前的东西;把话扔到对方面前。 / 投
名词 14世纪晚期「在眼前之物」,源拉丁 objectus,obicere「投向、置于面前」(ob- 对着+jacere 投)的过去分词;动词「反对」15世纪。
名 物体 动 对象 动 目标 动 反对
▪ A strange object lay on the road.
一个奇怪的物体躺在路上。
▪ The museum displays objects from ancient Egypt.
博物馆陈列着古埃及的器物。
▪ She became the object of much attention.
她成了众人关注的对象。
▪ Several residents object to the new highway.
几位居民反对修建这条新公路。
对着 / 投 / 名词
14世纪晚期,源古法 objection 或拉丁 objectionem(obicere 的动作名词),「挡在面前、反对」。
名 反对;异议;反对的理由
▪ They raised no objection to the plan.
他们对该计划没有提出异议。
▪ Her main objection is the high cost.
她主要反对的理由是成本太高。
▪ The lawyer overruled the objection.
法官驳回了那项异议。
▪ We listened carefully to every objection.
我们认真听取了每一条反对意见。
对着 / 关于(眼前)对象本身的。 / 投 / …的
17世纪早期(哲学「存在于对象中的」),object+-ive;名词「目标」19世纪;语法「宾格」。
a. 客观的 名 目标 名 宾语(的)
▪ Try to remain objective during the interview.
面试时要尽量保持客观。
▪ Our main objective is to reduce costs.
我们的主要目标是降低成本。
▪ The report gives an objective view of the events.
这份报告对事件作了客观的叙述。
▪ In the sentence, the pronoun is the objective case.
在这个句子里,代词是宾格。
向前 / 向前投出。 / 投
15世纪早期(动词「规划」),源拉丁 projectus,proicere「向前投、伸出」(pro- 向前+jacere 投)的过去分词;名词「计划、项目」17世纪。
动 投射 名 规划 名 项目 名 工程
▪ They plan to project the data onto a large screen.
他们打算把数据投影到大屏幕上。
▪ The new office project will finish next year.
新办公楼工程将于明年完工。
▪ The company projects strong growth for next year.
公司预测明年将强劲增长。
▪ She leads a project on clean energy.
她牵头负责一个清洁能源项目。
向前 / 投 / 名词
15世纪中期,源拉丁 projectionem(proicere 的动作名词),「向前投」。
名 投射;投影;预测;凸出物
▪ The company made a sales projection for next year.
公司对明年的销售额作了预测。
▪ The projection of the film used an old projector.
这部影片的放映用的是一台旧放映机。
▪ A small projection jutted from the wall.
墙上凸出一个小小的构件。
▪ The projection on the screen was too faint to read.
屏幕上的投影太模糊,看不清。
回 / 扔回去。 / jacere 投,分词干
15世纪晚期,源古法 rejecter 或拉丁 rejectus,reicere「扔回、退回」(re- 回+jacere 投,复合形 -icere)的过去分词。
动 拒绝;驳回;丢弃
▪ The factory rejected the faulty parts.
工厂退回了有缺陷的零件。
▪ She rejected his offer of help politely.
她礼貌地拒绝了他提供的帮助。
▪ The board rejected the proposal by a wide margin.
董事会以较大差距否决了这项提案。
▪ Critics rejected the novel as too sentimental.
评论家们认为这部小说过于伤感而不予认可。
在下 / 投到…之下。 / 投
14世纪早期,源拉丁 subjectus,subicere「投到下面、置于…之下」(sub- 在下+jacere 投)的过去分词。
名 主题 a. 主语 动 臣民 动 使服从
▪ The subject of the lecture was climate change.
讲座的主题是气候变化。
▪ In this sentence, the noun is the subject.
在这个句子里,这个名词是主语。
▪ The subjects of the king paid their taxes.
国王的臣民缴纳赋税。
▪ The trial subjected them to great stress.
这场审判使他们承受了巨大压力。
在下 / 出于(认知)主体一方的。 / 投 / …的
15世纪早期(古义「臣服的」),1707 年哲学义「存在于主体内的」;subject+-ive。
a. 主观的;个人的;主语的
▪ Beauty is highly subjective.
美是非常主观的。
▪ The review gave a very subjective opinion.
这篇评论给出了十分主观的看法。
▪ We need facts, not subjective feelings.
我们需要事实,而不是主观感受。
▪ The narrator uses a subjective point of view.
叙述者采用了主观视角。
离开 / 被扔开、被抛弃的。 / 投
14世纪晚期,源拉丁 abjectus,abicere「扔掉、抛弃」(ab- 离开+jacere 投)的过去分词,「被丢弃的」。
a. 凄惨的;卑贱的;绝望的
▪ They lived in abject poverty for years.
他们多年生活在赤贫之中。
▪ He made an abject apology for the mistake.
他为自己的错误卑躬屈膝地道歉。
▪ The team suffered an abject defeat.
这支队伍遭遇了惨败。
▪ She felt abject despair after the failure.
失败后她感到绝望透顶。
一起 / 把(线索)投到一起。 / 投 / 名词
14世纪晚期,源古法 conjecture 或拉丁 conjectura「投在一起、推断」,conicere「一起投」(con- 一起+jacere 投)+-ura。
名 推测 动 臆测 动 猜测
▪ What happened remains a matter of conjecture.
发生了什么仍只是推测。
▪ We can only conjecture about the cause.
我们只能对原因进行猜测。
▪ His conjecture turned out to be correct.
他的猜测后来被证明是正确的。
▪ The journalist declined to conjecture on the result.
记者拒绝对结果进行臆测。
向下 / 把(情绪)扔下去。 / 投
14世纪晚期,源拉丁 dejectus,deicere「扔下、投下」(de- 向下+jacere 投)的过去分词;现代多作 dejected。
动 使沮丧;使情绪低落
▪ The bad news dejected the whole team.
坏消息让全队情绪低落。
▪ Do not let one failure deject you.
不要因为一次失败就垂头丧气。
▪ The empty seats dejected the young performers.
空荡荡的座位让年轻演员们很沮丧。
▪ Loss after loss began to deject him.
接连的失败开始让他消沉。
向下 / 投 / 被…的
1580s,deject 的过去分词作形容词,「被扔下的→情绪低落的」。
a. 沮丧的;垂头丧气的
▪ He looked dejected after the rejection.
被拒绝后他神情沮丧。
▪ She gave a dejected shrug and walked away.
她沮丧地耸了耸肩,走开了。
▪ The dejected players headed for the locker room.
垂头丧气的球员们走向更衣室。
▪ One dejected silence followed the other.
一阵又一阵沮丧的沉默。
反复投 / 古法 jeter(-ct- 弱化为 -t-)→ jet
动词 1690s「喷涌、射出」,名词「水柱」17世纪晚期,源法语 jeter「投、抛、喷」<拉丁 jactare/iactare「反复投、抛」(jacere 的反复体)。
名 喷气(流) 动 喷气式飞机 动 喷射
▪ A jet of water burst from the pipe.
一股水流从管子里喷了出来。
▪ The jet flew across the ocean in six hours.
那架喷气式飞机六小时飞越大洋。
▪ Water jetted from the broken hose.
水从破裂的软管里喷涌而出。
▪ They took a private jet to the meeting.
他们乘坐私人喷气机去开会。
向前 / 投 / …者/器
16世纪晚期(古义「规划者」),现代「放映机」义 19世纪;project+-or。
名 投影仪;放映机;规划者
▪ The teacher turned on the projector.
老师打开了投影仪。
▪ The old film projector still works.
那台老式胶片放映机还能用。
▪ We connected the laptop to the projector.
我们把笔记本电脑接到了投影仪上。
▪ As a project manager, he was the projector of the new plan.
作为项目经理,他是这项新计划的规划者。
横过 / 被投过(的路线)。 / 投 / …的/物
1690 年代(物理「受力物体的路径」),源现代拉丁 trajectorium,trajectorius(traicere「投过」=trans- 横过+jacere 投)。
名 轨迹;弹道;发展轨迹
▪ The missile followed a steep trajectory.
导弹沿陡峭的弹道飞行。
▪ Her career trajectory has been remarkable.
她的职业发展轨迹令人瞩目。
▪ Scientists tracked the trajectory of the comet.
科学家追踪着彗星的轨迹。
▪ The trajectory of the ball curved toward the net.
球的轨迹划出弧线飞向球网。
悲惨地;卑下地
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
副 悲惨地;卑下地
▪ The team abjectly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前悲惨地完成了任务。
▪ She abjectly checked the results and then signed the form.
她悲惨地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were abjectly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被悲惨地修改了。
▪ He spoke abjectly so that everyone could understand.
他悲惨地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
沮丧地;灰溜溜地
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
副 沮丧地;灰溜溜地
▪ The team dejectedly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前沮丧地完成了任务。
▪ She dejectedly checked the results and then signed the form.
她沮丧地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were dejectedly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被沮丧地修改了。
▪ He spoke dejectedly so that everyone could understand.
他沮丧地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
沮丧;情绪低落
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 沮丧;情绪低落
▪ The whole dejection took several hours to complete.
整个沮丧过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper dejection is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的沮丧至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of dejection with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了沮丧的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the dejection.
经理就沮丧写了一份清晰的报告。
驱逐;弹出;排出
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 驱逐;弹出;排出
▪ The whole ejection took several hours to complete.
整个驱逐过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper ejection is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的驱逐至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of ejection with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了驱逐的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the ejection.
经理就驱逐写了一份清晰的报告。
喷射器;弹射器;排出器
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 喷射器;弹射器;排出器
▪ The ejector is widely used in this kind of work.
喷射器在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the ejector in a safe place after use.
用后请把喷射器放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the ejector to the entrance of the building.
团队把喷射器搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable ejector at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的喷射器。
可注射的;注射剂
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
形 可注射的;注射剂
▪ The new rule will be injectable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可注射的。
▪ They considered the plan injectable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可注射的。
▪ The manager gave a injectable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可注射的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be injectable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可注射的的。
注射器;喷油器;注入器
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 注射器;喷油器;注入器
▪ The injector is widely used in this kind of work.
注射器在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the injector in a safe place after use.
用后请把注射器放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the injector to the entrance of the building.
团队把注射器搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable injector at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的注射器。
插话;插入(话语)
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 插话;插入(话语)
▪ The interject is widely used in this kind of work.
插话在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the interject in a safe place after use.
用后请把插话放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the interject to the entrance of the building.
团队把插话搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable interject at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的插话。
感叹词;插话;惊呼
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 感叹词;插话;惊呼
▪ The whole interjection took several hours to complete.
整个感叹词过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper interjection is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的感叹词至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of interjection with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了感叹词的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the interjection.
经理就感叹词写了一份清晰的报告。
拒绝;驳回;抛弃
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 拒绝;驳回;抛弃
▪ The whole rejection took several hours to complete.
整个拒绝过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper rejection is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的拒绝至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of rejection with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了拒绝的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the rejection.
经理就拒绝写了一份清晰的报告。
物化;对象化;具体化
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 物化;对象化;具体化
▪ The whole objectification took several hours to complete.
整个物化过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper objectification is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的物化至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of objectification with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了物化的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the objectification.
经理就物化写了一份清晰的报告。
物化;使具体化;把…当物体
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
动 物化;使具体化;把…当物体
▪ The manager decided to objectify the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前物化这个问题。
▪ She will objectify the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去物化这项任务。
▪ They need to objectify the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要物化这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to objectify the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就物化了计划。
令人反感的;讨厌的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
形 令人反感的;讨厌的
▪ The new rule will be objectionable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是令人反感的。
▪ They considered the plan objectionable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是令人反感的。
▪ The manager gave a objectionable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个令人反感的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be objectionable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是令人反感的的。
客观地;不带偏见地
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
副 客观地;不带偏见地
▪ The team objectively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前客观地完成了任务。
▪ She objectively checked the results and then signed the form.
她客观地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were objectively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被客观地修改了。
▪ He spoke objectively so that everyone could understand.
他客观地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
客观性;客观现实
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 客观性;客观现实
▪ The whole objectivity took several hours to complete.
整个客观性过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper objectivity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的客观性至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of objectivity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了客观性的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the objectivity.
经理就客观性写了一份清晰的报告。
反对者;提出异议者
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 反对者;提出异议者
▪ The objector arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位反对者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained objector knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的反对者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced objector for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的反对者。
▪ The objector answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,反对者回答了记者的提问。
抛射体;弹丸;投射的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 抛射体;弹丸;投射的
▪ The projectile is widely used in this kind of work.
抛射体在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the projectile in a safe place after use.
用后请把抛射体放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the projectile to the entrance of the building.
团队把抛射体搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable projectile at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的抛射体。
征服;服从;受支配
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 征服;服从;受支配
▪ The whole subjection took several hours to complete.
整个征服过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper subjection is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的征服至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of subjection with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了征服的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the subjection.
经理就征服写了一份清晰的报告。
主观地;个人地
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
副 主观地;个人地
▪ The team subjectively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前主观地完成了任务。
▪ She subjectively checked the results and then signed the form.
她主观地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were subjectively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被主观地修改了。
▪ He spoke subjectively so that everyone could understand.
他主观地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
主观性;主观(个人感受)
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 主观性;主观(个人感受)
▪ The whole subjectivity took several hours to complete.
整个主观性过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper subjectivity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的主观性至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of subjectivity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了主观性的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the subjectivity.
经理就主观性写了一份清晰的报告。
无可非议的;不令人反感的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
形 无可非议的;不令人反感的
▪ The new rule will be unobjectionable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是无可非议的。
▪ They considered the plan unobjectionable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是无可非议的。
▪ The manager gave a unobjectionable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个无可非议的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be unobjectionable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是无可非议的的。
形容词的;形容词性的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
形 形容词的;形容词性的
▪ The new rule will be adjectival for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是形容词的。
▪ They considered the plan adjectival after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是形容词的。
▪ The manager gave a adjectival answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个形容词的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be adjectival before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是形容词的的。
推测的;臆测的;未定的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
形 推测的;臆测的;未定的
▪ The new rule will be conjectural for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是推测的。
▪ They considered the plan conjectural after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是推测的。
▪ The manager gave a conjectural answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个推测的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be conjectural before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是推测的的。
突然喊出;射精
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
动 突然喊出;射精
▪ The manager decided to ejaculate the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前突然喊出这个问题。
▪ She will ejaculate the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去突然喊出这项任务。
▪ They need to ejaculate the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要突然喊出这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to ejaculate the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就突然喊出了计划。
突然呼喊;射精
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 突然呼喊;射精
▪ The whole ejaculation took several hours to complete.
整个突然呼喊过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper ejaculation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的突然呼喊至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of ejaculation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了突然呼喊的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the ejaculation.
经理就突然呼喊写了一份清晰的报告。
喷气式客机
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 喷气式客机
▪ The jetliner is widely used in this kind of work.
喷气式客机在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the jetliner in a safe place after use.
用后请把喷气式客机放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the jetliner to the entrance of the building.
团队把喷气式客机搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable jetliner at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的喷气式客机。
(投海的)弃货;被抛弃之物
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 (投海的)弃货;被抛弃之物
▪ The jetsam is widely used in this kind of work.
弃货在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the jetsam in a safe place after use.
用后请把弃货放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the jetsam to the entrance of the building.
团队把弃货搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable jetsam at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的弃货。
(紧急)投弃;抛弃;丢弃
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 (紧急)投弃;抛弃;丢弃
▪ The jettison is widely used in this kind of work.
投弃在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the jettison in a safe place after use.
用后请把投弃放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the jettison to the entrance of the building.
团队把投弃搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable jettison at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的投弃。
突堤;防波堤;码头
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ject
名 突堤;防波堤;码头
▪ The jetty is widely used in this kind of work.
突堤在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the jetty in a safe place after use.
用后请把突堤放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the jetty to the entrance of the building.
团队把突堤搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable jetty at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的突堤。
ory
射精的;叫喊的,感叹的
拉丁词根 ject 派生:ejaculat + ory
形 射精的;叫喊的,感叹的
▪ The new rule will be ejaculatory for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是射精的。
▪ They considered the plan ejaculatory after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是射精的。
▪ The manager gave a ejaculatory answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个射精的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be ejaculatory before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是射精的的。
a
(地质或天文)喷出物
拉丁词根 ject 派生:eject + a
名 (地质或天文)喷出物
▪ The ejecta is widely used in this kind of work.
喷出物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the ejecta in a safe place after use.
用后请把喷出物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the ejecta to the entrance of the building.
团队把喷出物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable ejecta at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的喷出物。
ive
喷出的,(语音学)爆破的n.爆破音
拉丁词根 ject 派生:eject + ive
形 喷出的,(语音学)爆破的n.爆破音
▪ The new rule will be ejective for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是喷出的。
▪ They considered the plan ejective after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是喷出的。
▪ The manager gave a ejective answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个喷出的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be ejective before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是喷出的的。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
注意:jacēre「躺下」与 jacere「扔」是两个拉丁词
拉丁有近形异义词 jacēre(第二变位,「躺卧」,如 adjacent「躺在旁边」)与 jacere(第三变位,「扔」)。本页 ject 族属「扔」;adjacent 属「躺」,不要混。
trajectory 来自 jacere 的方言形
trajectory(轨迹)经中古拉丁 trajectorium,tra-(trans-)+jacere「扔过」→ 抛射路线。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *ye-(to throw, impel)
│
├─ 拉丁 jaciō · jacere · jēcī · jactus(第三变位)
│ ├─ 分词词干 jact-→英语 ject-:eject · inject · object · project · reject · subject · trajectory · conjecture
│ ├─ 名词 jactus:jet(古法「扔出」)
│ └─ 反复/jacul-:projectile · jaculation
│
├─ 希腊:无可靠同形
│
└─ 日耳曼:本族「扔」另作 throw/cast
EVIDENCE & METHOD 证据与方法
判定 ject 同根,靠分词词干 jact- 的跨词闭环与前缀复合。
分词词干
ject- 一词干贯穿 eject/inject/object/project/reject/subject,前缀改变方向义。
c→/dʒ/
拉丁 jactus 经古法腭化为 /ˈdʒekt/;-tiō→-tion。
19 词闭环
本页 19 词由 ject-+前缀+后缀生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · 拉丁语 jaculum
iaculum
「投枪」,英语 projectile 之后缀 -ile 与之相关
L · 拉丁语 conicere(con-+jacere)
conicere
「扔到一起」→ 古义「揣摩」;conjecture 由此
一屏速记 · 51 词
名 形容词
构ad- / ject / -ive
例In the phrase, the adjective modifies the noun
动 驱逐;弹出;排出
构e- / ject
例The crew had to eject from the failing jet
动 注射;注入;引入
构in- / ject
例The nurse will inject the vaccine into your
名 注射;注入;打针
构in- / ject / -ion
例The nurse gave her a painless injection
名 物体;动 对象;动 目标;动 反对
构ob- / ject
例A strange object lay on the road
名 反对;异议;反对的理由
构ob- / ject / -ion
例They raised no objection to the plan
a. 客观的;名 目标;名 宾语(的)
构ob- / ject / -ive
例Try to remain objective during the interview
动 投射;名 规划;名 项目;名 工程
构pro- / ject
例They plan to project the data onto a large
名 投射;投影;预测;凸出物
构pro- / ject / -ion
例The company made a sales projection for next
动 拒绝;驳回;丢弃
构re- / ject
例The factory rejected the faulty parts
名 主题;a. 主语;动 臣民;动 使服从
构sub- / ject
例The subject of the lecture was climate change
a. 主观的;个人的;主语的
构sub- / ject / -ive
例Beauty is highly subjective
a. 凄惨的;卑贱的;绝望的
构ab- / ject
例They lived in abject poverty for years
名 推测;动 臆测;动 猜测
构con- / ject / -ure
例What happened remains a matter of conjecture
动 使沮丧;使情绪低落
构de- / ject
例The bad news dejected the whole team
a. 沮丧的;垂头丧气的
构de- / ject / -ed
例He looked dejected after the rejection
名 喷气(流);动 喷气式飞机;动 喷射
构jactare
例A jet of water burst from the pipe
名 投影仪;放映机;规划者
构pro- / ject / -or
例The teacher turned on the projector
名 轨迹;弹道;发展轨迹
构tra- / trans- / ject / -ory
例The missile followed a steep trajectory
副 悲惨地;卑下地
源ject
构ject
例The team abjectly finished the task before the deadline.
副 沮丧地;灰溜溜地
源ject
构ject
例The team dejectedly finished the task before the deadline.
名 沮丧;情绪低落
源ject
构ject
例The whole dejection took several hours to complete.
名 驱逐;弹出;排出
源ject
构ject
例The whole ejection took several hours to complete.
名 喷射器;弹射器;排出器
源ject
构ject
例The ejector is widely used in this kind of work.
形 可注射的;注射剂
源ject
构ject
例The new rule will be injectable for everyone in the group.
名 注射器;喷油器;注入器
源ject
构ject
例The injector is widely used in this kind of work.
名 插话;插入(话语)
源ject
构ject
例The interject is widely used in this kind of work.
名 感叹词;插话;惊呼
源ject
构ject
例The whole interjection took several hours to complete.
名 拒绝;驳回;抛弃
源ject
构ject
例The whole rejection took several hours to complete.
名 物化;对象化;具体化
源ject
构ject
例The whole objectification took several hours to complete.
动 物化;使具体化;把…当物体
源ject
构ject
例The manager decided to objectify the problem before the meeting.
形 令人反感的;讨厌的
源ject
构ject
例The new rule will be objectionable for everyone in the group.
副 客观地;不带偏见地
源ject
构ject
例The team objectively finished the task before the deadline.
名 客观性;客观现实
源ject
构ject
例The whole objectivity took several hours to complete.
名 反对者;提出异议者
源ject
构ject
例The objector arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 抛射体;弹丸;投射的
源ject
构ject
例The projectile is widely used in this kind of work.
名 征服;服从;受支配
源ject
构ject
例The whole subjection took several hours to complete.
副 主观地;个人地
源ject
构ject
例The team subjectively finished the task before the deadline.
名 主观性;主观(个人感受)
源ject
构ject
例The whole subjectivity took several hours to complete.
形 无可非议的;不令人反感的
源ject
构ject
例The new rule will be unobjectionable for everyone in the group.
形 形容词的;形容词性的
源ject
构ject
例The new rule will be adjectival for everyone in the group.
形 推测的;臆测的;未定的
源ject
构ject
例The new rule will be conjectural for everyone in the group.
动 突然喊出;射精
源ject
构ject
例The manager decided to ejaculate the problem before the meeting.
名 突然呼喊;射精
源ject
构ject
例The whole ejaculation took several hours to complete.
名 喷气式客机
源ject
构ject
例The jetliner is widely used in this kind of work.
名 (投海的)弃货;被抛弃之物
源ject
构ject
例The jetsam is widely used in this kind of work.
名 (紧急)投弃;抛弃;丢弃
源ject
构ject
例The jettison is widely used in this kind of work.
名 突堤;防波堤;码头
源ject
构ject
例The jetty is widely used in this kind of work.
形 射精的;叫喊的,感叹的
源ejaculat + ory
构ejaculat + ory
例The new rule will be ejaculatory for everyone in the group.
名 (地质或天文)喷出物
源eject + a
构eject + a
例The ejecta is widely used in this kind of work.
形 喷出的,(语音学)爆破的n.爆破音
源eject + ive
构eject + ive
例The new rule will be ejective for everyone in the group.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
ject 在跨语族的同根字根。
G 篇待补 · 无可靠同形
N 篇待补 · 日耳曼另作 throw

