LATIN ROOT · L086 · 拉丁字根
pend / pens悬挂 · 称量 · 支付
PIE root *(s)pen-「to hang, weigh, spin」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一「悬挂—称量」根,拉丁 pendere 兼「称重」与「悬挂」二义;英语借词在复合词里多取分词词干 pēns-。
*(s)pen- → Latin pendere「to hang, weigh」,分词 pēnsus
pendere / pēns-
depend · suspend · pending · expense · compensate · spend(详见本页)
*(s)pen- → 希腊 ponto-「绞」/pepon 远亲
—
希腊无同形常用借词;spend 系复合 expendere 的缩约
*(s)pen- → 日耳曼 spinnan(*s-p-→spinn)
spin
英语本族 spin「纺」(悬挂—纺线一线)
expendere「称量支付」缩约为 spendere→英语 spend;dependere「悬垂」→depend。
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
pendere 是第三变位动词,三个词干分担时态;英语借词多取分词词干 pēns-。
PRESENT 现在词干
pend-
pendō / pendere|第三变位
depend · suspend · pending · pendulum
PERFECT 完成词干
pend-
pendī|无元音变化(pend-pend)
拉丁完成:pendī「我悬挂了」
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
pēns-
pēnsum / pēnsus|元音拉长+分词 -s-
expense · compensate · pension · pensive
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 pendere/pēnsus 到现代英语各词,关键形态—语音调整。
①expendere→spend
拉丁 expendere「称量付出」缩约为 spendere,入英作 spend /spend/(ex- 脱落)。
②-pend- 复合
复合词 -pendere 入英作 -pend:depend /dɪˈpend/、suspend /səˈspend/。
③-iō→-ion
拉丁 pensio→pension /ˈpenʃn/;expense 经古法。
④-īvus→-ive
拉丁 pēnsīvus「称重沉思的」→pensive /ˈpensɪv/。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
pendō 是第三变位动词;分词 pēnsus 经古法给 expense/expend;dependere/suspendere 是复合词。
现在 1sg
pendō
我悬挂/称量
现在不定式
pendere
to hang, weigh
完成 1sg
pendī
我悬挂了(无变化)
目的分词
pēnsum
分词词干 pēns-
现在时变位 · 第三变位(连接元音 -e-/-i-/-u-)
| 人称 | 主动 | 词结构 | 义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | pendō | pend-ō | 我悬挂 |
| 2 sg | pendes | pend-is | 你悬挂 |
| 3 sg | pendet | pend-it | 他悬挂 |
| 1 pl | pendimus | pend-imus | 我们悬挂 |
| 3 pl | pendunt | pend-unt | 他们悬挂 |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| depend | dependere | dependdre | 15 世纪 |
| suspend | suspendere | suspendre | 13 世纪 |
| expense | expensa | expense | 14 世纪 |
| spend | spendere(缩约) | spendan | 中世纪 |
三个关键事实:① 完成 pendī 无元音变化,分词 pēnsus 元音拉长;② spend 是 expendere 的缩约(ex- 脱落);③ compensate=com-+pens-「一起称重」→补偿。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
pendere 核心是「悬挂—称量」,向「悬而未决」「支付」「沉思」引申。
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挂上;挂在后面的东西
1540年代,<拉丁 appendix(属格 appendicis)「附加物、延续部分」<appendere「挂上」;解剖义「阑尾(vermiform appendix 蠕虫状附属物)」1610年代。
名 附录;阑尾
▪ The book includes an appendix with maps.
书末附有带地图的附录。
▪ The doctor removed his inflamed appendix.
医生切除了他发炎的阑尾。
▪ Check the appendix for the full list.
完整列表请见附录。
▪ The appendix burst before the operation.
阑尾在手术前穿孔了。
一起;两边称平
1640年代,<拉丁 compensatus(compensare「一起称量、平衡、抵偿」的完成分词)=com-「一起」+pensare「称量」(pendere 的频率动词)。
动 补偿,赔偿;抵消
▪ The factory compensated residents for the noise.
工厂就噪音向居民做了补偿。
▪ Nothing can compensate for lost time.
没有什么能补偿失去的时间。
▪ The extra pay compensates for the long hours.
额外报酬补偿了漫长的工时。
▪ Her skill compensates for her lack of speed.
她的技艺弥补了速度的不足。
向下;垂挂于…→依附
约1400年 dependen「依附、从属」,<古法 dependre<拉丁 dependere「悬挂、垂下」=de-「向下」+pendere「挂」;「取决于」义15世纪中期。
动 依靠,取决于;悬而未决
▪ The picnic depends on the weather.
野餐取决于天气。
▪ Children depend on their parents.
孩子依靠父母。
▪ You can depend on her word.
你可以信赖她的承诺。
▪ The final decision is still depending.
最终决定仍悬而未决。
现在分词后缀
15世纪初,古法 dependant(现在分词)<dependere;形容词「依附的」,名词「受抚养者」16世纪。
形 依赖的 名 受抚养人
▪ The project is dependent on one donor.
这个项目依赖单一捐赠者。
▪ He listed two dependents on the form.
他在表格上填写了两名受抚养人。
▪ The old man became dependent on his nurse.
老人变得依赖护士。
▪ Mainland dependent islands need ferry service.
依附于大陆的岛屿需要渡轮服务。
出;已称出支付的钱
14世纪末 expense,<晚期拉丁 expensa「支出的钱」(expendere 的阴性完成分词 expensa pecunia「称出的钱」之略)<ex-+pensum。
名 开销,费用;代价
▪ The trip was worth the expense.
这趟旅行值得这笔开销。
▪ He spared no expense on the wedding of his daughter.
他在女儿婚礼上不惜费用。
▪ The expense of housing rose sharply.
住房费用急剧上涨。
▪ She published the book at her own expense.
她自费出版了这本书。
花费;花费大的
1620年代,expense+-ive;早期义「挥霍的」,1630年代起指「花钱多的、贵的」。
形 昂贵的
▪ The restaurant was too expensive for us.
这家餐厅对我们来说太贵了。
▪ She bought an expensive watch.
她买了一块昂贵的手表。
▪ The medicine proved surprisingly expensive.
这种药贵得惊人。
▪ Living in the city is increasingly expensive.
住在城市里越来越昂贵。
不;不依附
1630年代,in-「不」+dependence;美国独立战争使该词广传(Independence Day 1776后)。
名 独立,自主
▪ The nation celebrates its independence every July.
这个国家每年七月庆祝独立。
▪ She values her financial independence.
她珍视自己的经济独立。
▪ The young firm won independence from its parent.
这家年轻公司从母公司独立出来。
▪ Walking gave the child a sense of independence.
学会走路给了孩子独立感。
不;依附的
1610年代,in-「不」+dependent;「不依附于他人的」。
形 独立的 名 无党派者
▪ She is financially independent at twenty-five.
她二十五岁就经济独立了。
▪ An independent audit verified the accounts.
一次独立审计核实了账目。
▪ He ran as an independent candidate.
他以无党派人士身份参选。
▪ The two departments remain independent.
这两个部门保持独立。
不;不能豁免省去
1530年代,<中世纪拉丁 indispensabilis「不可豁免的」=in-「不」+dispensabilis「可豁免的」;「不可或缺」义约1700年。
形 不可或缺的,必需的
▪ A reliable dictionary is indispensable for learners.
可靠的词典对学习者不可或缺。
▪ She became an indispensable member of the team.
她成了团队中不可或缺的一员。
▪ Water is indispensable to life.
水对生命必不可少。
▪ The tool proved indispensable in the rescue.
这工具在救援中被证明是必需的。
称;付
14世纪中期 pensioun「固定支付、年金」,<古法 pension<拉丁 pensio(属格 pensionis)「支付、称量」<pendere「称、付」的完成分词 pensus;现代「退休金」义16世纪。
名 养老金,退休金 动 发养老金
▪ They live comfortably on their pension.
他们靠养老金过得很舒适。
▪ The company funds a generous pension plan.
公司资助一项丰厚的养老金计划。
▪ He retired and drew his pension.
他退休并领取退休金。
▪ The hotel pension was closed for winter.
那家膳宿小旅馆冬季歇业。
彻底;perpendiculum 铅垂线
14世纪末副词,15世纪末形容词,<晚期拉丁 perpendicularis「如铅垂线般竖直的」<拉丁 perpendiculum「铅垂线」<perpendere「仔细称量、竖直吊线」=per-「彻底」+pendere。
形 垂直的 名 垂线
▪ The wall stands perpendicular to the floor.
这面墙与地面垂直。
▪ Draw a perpendicular line from the point.
从该点画一条垂线。
▪ The cliff rose in a perpendicular wall of rock.
悬崖如垂直的岩壁耸立。
▪ The post was perpendicular, not tilted.
木桩是垂直的,没有倾斜。
称;pondus重量(ponder-词干)→ ponderare 称量
14世纪中期 ponderen「估价」,<古法 ponderer「称」并直接借自拉丁 ponderare「称量、思量」<pondus(属格 ponderis)「重量」,pondus 来自 pendere(以绳拉伸的程度测重)。
动 沉思,仔细考虑
▪ She sat by the window, pondering the letter.
她坐在窗边,沉思着那封信。
▪ He pondered long before answering.
他沉思良久才回答。
▪ The committee pondered the fate of the project.
委员会仔细斟酌项目的命运。
▪ We need time to ponder the offer.
我们需要时间来斟酌这个提议。
称;pondus重量 → VL *pondo → 古英 pund
古英语 pund「磅(重量单位)」,<通俗拉丁 *pondo「按重量」<拉丁 pondus「重量」(pendere 的名词);货币义来自「一磅白银」;13世纪起作英国货币单位。
名 磅(重量);英镑
▪ The baby weighed seven pounds at birth.
婴儿出生时重七磅。
▪ She paid five pounds for the book.
她花五英镑买了这本书。
▪ The dog pound took in lost pets.
动物收容所收留走失的宠物。
▪ He pounded the nail into the wood.
他把钉子锤进木头。
称出支付;ML spendere 截去 ex- → 古英 spendan
中古英语 spenden,古英语 -spendan(仅见于 forspendan「用尽」)<中世纪拉丁 spendere,是拉丁 expendere「称出银子、支付」(或 dispendere「付出」)的截短形;并与古法 despendre
动 花费;度过(时间);消耗
▪ They spend every weekend by the sea.
他们每个周末都在海边度过。
▪ She spends too much on coffee.
她在咖啡上花的钱太多。
▪ He spent his energy on the garden.
他把精力花在花园里。
▪ We spent a quiet evening at home.
我们在家度过了一个安静的夜晚。
从下面吊起来;挂
13世纪末 suspenden,<古法 suspendre<拉丁 suspendere「挂起、悬起」=sus-(sub- 在 d/p 前的同化形「在下」)+pendere「挂」。
动 暂停;悬挂;停学/停职
▪ The school decided to suspend the student.
学校决定让这名学生停学。
▪ A rope suspended the bridge over the river.
绳索把桥悬于河上。
▪ Talks were suspended after the incident.
事件发生后谈判暂停。
▪ The lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
灯从天花板悬挂下来。
14世纪末 compensacioun「平衡、抵消」,<拉丁 compensatio(属格 -ionis)<compensare;「赔偿金、报酬」义16世纪。
名 补偿,赔偿;薪酬
▪ The workers demanded fair compensation.
工人们要求公平的赔偿。
▪ The job offers salary plus compensation.
这份工作提供薪水加薪酬福利。
▪ He received compensation for the injury.
他因受伤获得了赔偿。
▪ Time off is compensation for overtime.
休假是对加班的补偿。
分开;逐份称出
14世纪中期 dispensen「分发、处置」,<古法 dispenser<拉丁 dispensare「称量分发、支付、管理」(dispendere「称出、付出」的频率动词)=dis-「分开、出去」+pensare;「免除」义1570年代(
动 分配;配发(药);免除
▪ The pharmacy dispenses medicine with care.
药房谨慎配发药物。
▪ The machine dispenses hot drinks.
这台机器供应热饮。
▪ The court dispensed with the usual formality.
法院免除了通常的手续。
▪ Charity groups dispensed food to the homeless.
慈善团体向无家可归者分发食物。
出;称出去
15世纪初 expenden,<拉丁 expendere「称出(银钱)、支付、耗用」=ex-「出」+pendere「称、付」。
动 花费,耗费(精力/金钱)
▪ The army expended much ammunition in training.
军队在训练中消耗了大量弹药。
▪ She expended all her energy on the project.
她把全部精力耗费在这个项目上。
▪ Do not expend resources on a lost cause.
不要为无望的事业耗费资源。
▪ The task expended more time than expected.
这项任务花费的时间比预期多。
挂;正挂着的
18世纪中期法律用语,仿法语 pendant「在…期间」造的英语现在分词形(pendere+-ing);「悬而未决的」。
形 待决的 介 在…期间
▪ The case remains pending in court.
该案仍在法院待审。
▪ pending his return, we will wait.
在他回来之前,我们会等候。
▪ The list of pending tasks grew longer.
待办事项清单越列越长。
▪ The payment is pending approval.
付款正等待批准。
的完成分词干 suspens-;悬置状态
14世纪初,<古法 suspens「悬着的」(suspendere 的阴性分词)+-e;最初法律义「暂搁」,「悬念」义约1400年。
名 悬念,悬而未决;焦虑
▪ The film builds suspense from the first scene.
这部电影从第一场起就营造悬念。
▪ She waited in suspense for the result.
她焦虑不安地等待结果。
▪ The ending was worth the suspense.
结局值得这份悬念。
▪ He could not bear the suspense any longer.
他再也无法忍受这种悬而不决。
下;挂
15世纪初 suspensio(属格 suspensionis)<suspendere 的完成分词 suspensus+-io;「悬置」。
名 暂停;悬挂;悬架;停学
▪ The suspension of the game angered the fans.
比赛暂停激怒了球迷。
▪ The car has a soft suspension.
这辆车的悬架很软。
▪ He faced a three-match suspension.
他面临停赛三场的处罚。
▪ The suspension bridge swayed in the wind.
悬索桥在风中摇晃。
附加,附上;署名
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 附加,附上;署名
▪ The append is widely used in this kind of work.
附加在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the append in a safe place after use.
用后请把附加放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the append to the entrance of the building.
团队把附加搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable append at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的附加。
附属物;(生物)附肢
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 附属物;(生物)附肢
▪ The appendage is widely used in this kind of work.
附属物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the appendage in a safe place after use.
用后请把附属物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the appendage to the entrance of the building.
团队把附属物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable appendage at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的附属物。
阑尾炎
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 阑尾炎
▪ The appendicitis is widely used in this kind of work.
阑尾炎在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the appendicitis in a safe place after use.
用后请把阑尾炎放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the appendicitis to the entrance of the building.
团队把阑尾炎搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable appendicitis at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的阑尾炎。
可靠的,可信赖的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 可靠的,可信赖的
▪ The new rule will be dependable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可靠的。
▪ They considered the plan dependable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可靠的。
▪ The manager gave a dependable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可靠的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be dependable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可靠的的。
依赖,依靠;瘾
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 依赖,依靠;瘾
▪ The whole dependence took several hours to complete.
整个依赖过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper dependence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的依赖至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of dependence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了依赖的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the dependence.
经理就依赖写了一份清晰的报告。
即将发生的,迫近的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 即将发生的,迫近的
▪ The new rule will be impending for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是即将发生的。
▪ They considered the plan impending after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是即将发生的。
▪ The manager gave a impending answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个即将发生的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be impending before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是即将发生的的。
强烈偏好,倾向
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 强烈偏好,倾向
▪ The penchant is widely used in this kind of work.
强烈偏好在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the penchant in a safe place after use.
用后请把强烈偏好放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the penchant to the entrance of the building.
团队把强烈偏好搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable penchant at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的强烈偏好。
吊坠,挂件;吊灯
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 吊坠,挂件;吊灯
▪ The pendant is widely used in this kind of work.
吊坠在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the pendant in a safe place after use.
用后请把吊坠放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the pendant to the entrance of the building.
团队把吊坠搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable pendant at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的吊坠。
钟摆;摇摆物
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 钟摆;摇摆物
▪ The pendulum is widely used in this kind of work.
钟摆在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the pendulum in a safe place after use.
用后请把钟摆放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the pendulum to the entrance of the building.
团队把钟摆搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable pendulum at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的钟摆。
顶层公寓;披屋
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 顶层公寓;披屋
▪ They met near the penthouse after the work was finished.
工作结束后,他们在顶层公寓附近碰面。
▪ The new penthouse opened to the public last month.
新的顶层公寓上个月向公众开放。
▪ Many visitors gather at the penthouse during the summer.
夏天有许多游客聚集在顶层公寓。
▪ The penthouse is located just outside the center of the city.
顶层公寓就坐落在市中心外侧。
吊袜带;(英)吊裤带;吊杆
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 吊袜带;(英)吊裤带;吊杆
▪ The suspender is widely used in this kind of work.
吊袜带在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the suspender in a safe place after use.
用后请把吊袜带放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the suspender to the entrance of the building.
团队把吊袜带搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable suspender at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的吊袜带。
概要,汇编,简编
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 概要,汇编,简编
▪ The compendium is widely used in this kind of work.
概要在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the compendium in a safe place after use.
用后请把概要放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the compendium to the entrance of the building.
团队把概要搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable compendium at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的概要。
平衡(力),抵消;使平衡
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
动 平衡(力),抵消;使平衡
▪ The manager decided to counterpoise the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前平衡这个问题。
▪ She will counterpoise the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去平衡这项任务。
▪ They need to counterpoise the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要平衡这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to counterpoise the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就平衡了计划。
可有可无的,可省去的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 可有可无的,可省去的
▪ The new rule will be dispensable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可有可无的。
▪ They considered the plan dispensable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可有可无的。
▪ The manager gave a dispensable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可有可无的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be dispensable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可有可无的的。
药房,诊疗所;配药处
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 药房,诊疗所;配药处
▪ The dispensary is widely used in this kind of work.
药房在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the dispensary in a safe place after use.
用后请把药房放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the dispensary to the entrance of the building.
团队把药房搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable dispensary at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的药房。
分配;豁免,特准;天道,神意
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 分配;豁免,特准;天道,神意
▪ The whole dispensation took several hours to complete.
整个分配过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper dispensation is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的分配至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of dispensation with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了分配的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the dispensation.
经理就分配写了一份清晰的报告。
分配者,配药师;自动取用器
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 分配者,配药师;自动取用器
▪ The dispenser arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位分配者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained dispenser knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的分配者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced dispenser for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的分配者。
▪ The dispenser answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,分配者回答了记者的提问。
三色堇,蝴蝶花
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 三色堇,蝴蝶花
▪ The pansy is widely used in this kind of work.
三色堇在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the pansy in a safe place after use.
用后请把三色堇放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the pansy to the entrance of the building.
团队把三色堇搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable pansy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的三色堇。
沉思的,忧郁的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 沉思的,忧郁的
▪ The new rule will be pensive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是沉思的。
▪ They considered the plan pensive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是沉思的。
▪ The manager gave a pensive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个沉思的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be pensive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是沉思的的。
沉着,泰然自若;平衡;使平衡
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
动 沉着,泰然自若;平衡;使平衡
▪ The manager decided to poise the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前沉着这个问题。
▪ She will poise the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去沉着这项任务。
▪ They need to poise the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要沉着这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to poise the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就沉着了计划。
镇定的;蓄势待发的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 镇定的;蓄势待发的
▪ The new rule will be poised for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是镇定的。
▪ They considered the plan poised after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是镇定的。
▪ The manager gave a poised answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个镇定的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be poised before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是镇定的的。
沉重笨重的;(文章)冗长沉闷的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 沉重笨重的;(文章)冗长沉闷的
▪ The new rule will be ponderous for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是沉重笨重的。
▪ They considered the plan ponderous after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是沉重笨重的。
▪ The manager gave a ponderous answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个沉重笨重的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be ponderous before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是沉重笨重的的。
(性格上的)倾向,癖好
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 (性格上的)倾向,癖好
▪ The whole propensity took several hours to complete.
整个倾向过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper propensity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的倾向至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of propensity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了倾向的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the propensity.
经理就倾向写了一份清晰的报告。
赔偿,酬报;酬金
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 赔偿,酬报;酬金
▪ The recompense is widely used in this kind of work.
赔偿在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the recompense in a safe place after use.
用后请把赔偿放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the recompense to the entrance of the building.
团队把赔偿搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable recompense at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的赔偿。
可消耗的,可牺牲的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 可消耗的,可牺牲的
▪ The new rule will be expendable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可消耗的。
▪ They considered the plan expendable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可消耗的。
▪ The manager gave a expendable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可消耗的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be expendable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可消耗的的。
支出,开支;耗费
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 支出,开支;耗费
▪ The expenditure is widely used in this kind of work.
支出在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the expenditure in a safe place after use.
用后请把支出放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the expenditure to the entrance of the building.
团队把支出搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable expenditure at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的支出。
不贵的,便宜的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 不贵的,便宜的
▪ The new rule will be inexpensive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是不贵的。
▪ They considered the plan inexpensive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是不贵的。
▪ The manager gave a inexpensive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个不贵的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be inexpensive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是不贵的的。
领养老金者
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 领养老金者
▪ The pensioner arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位领养老金者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained pensioner knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的领养老金者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced pensioner for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的领养老金者。
▪ The pensioner answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,领养老金者回答了记者的提问。
比索(西语区货币)
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 比索(西语区货币)
▪ The peso is widely used in this kind of work.
比索在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the peso in a safe place after use.
用后请把比索放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the peso to the entrance of the building.
团队把比索搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable peso at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的比索。
花钱者,挥霍者
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 花钱者,挥霍者
▪ The spender arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位花钱者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained spender knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的花钱者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced spender for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的花钱者。
▪ The spender answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,花钱者回答了记者的提问。
开销,花费
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 开销,花费
▪ The whole spending took several hours to complete.
整个开销过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper spending is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的开销至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of spending with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了开销的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the spending.
经理就开销写了一份清晰的报告。
挥霍者;挥霍的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 挥霍者;挥霍的
▪ The spendthrift arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位挥霍者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained spendthrift knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的挥霍者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced spendthrift for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的挥霍者。
▪ The spendthrift answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,挥霍者回答了记者的提问。
(实习/神职/学者的)津贴,薪俸
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 (实习/神职/学者的)津贴,薪俸
▪ The stipend is widely used in this kind of work.
津贴在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the stipend in a safe place after use.
用后请把津贴放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the stipend to the entrance of the building.
团队把津贴搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable stipend at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的津贴。
ous
简明的,摘要的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:compendi + ous
形 简明的,摘要的
▪ The new rule will be compendious for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是简明的。
▪ They considered the plan compendious after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是简明的。
▪ The manager gave a compendious answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个简明的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be compendious before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是简明的的。
ency
依赖,依靠;依附者,附属国,附属地
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:depend + ency
名 依赖,依靠;依附者,附属国,附属地
▪ The dependency is widely used in this kind of work.
依赖在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the dependency in a safe place after use.
用后请把依赖放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the dependency to the entrance of the building.
团队把依赖搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable dependency at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的依赖。
迫近;(坏事)即将发生
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
动 迫近;(坏事)即将发生
▪ The teacher asked the students to impend before the bell rang.
铃响前老师让学生们迫近。
▪ She decided to impend after thinking about the risk.
考虑到风险后她决定迫近。
▪ They will not impend unless the weather improves.
除非天气好转,否则他们不会迫近。
▪ Nobody expected him to impend so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就迫近了。
ence
迫切,危急
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:impend + ence
名 迫切,危急
▪ The impendence is widely used in this kind of work.
迫切在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the impendence in a safe place after use.
用后请把迫切放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the impendence to the entrance of the building.
团队把迫切搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable impendence at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的迫切。
ent
即将发生的;迫近的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:impend + ent
形 即将发生的;迫近的
▪ The new rule will be impendent for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是即将发生的。
▪ They considered the plan impendent after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是即将发生的。
▪ The manager gave a impendent answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个即将发生的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be impendent before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是即将发生的的。
难以估算的n.难以估算的事物
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 难以估算的n.难以估算的事物
▪ The new rule will be imponderable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是难以估算的n.难以估算的事物。
▪ They considered the plan imponderable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是难以估算的n.难以估算的事物。
▪ The manager gave a imponderable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个难以估算的n.难以估算的事物的答复。
▪ Every solution must be imponderable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是难以估算的n.难以估算的事物的。
悬挂,悬而未决
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
动 悬挂,悬而未决
▪ The teacher asked the students to pend before the bell rang.
铃响前老师让学生们悬挂。
▪ She decided to pend after thinking about the risk.
考虑到风险后她决定悬挂。
▪ They will not pend unless the weather improves.
除非天气好转,否则他们不会悬挂。
▪ Nobody expected him to pend so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就悬挂了。
悬挂着的,悬而未决的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 悬挂着的,悬而未决的
▪ The new rule will be pendent for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是悬挂着的。
▪ They considered the plan pendent after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是悬挂着的。
▪ The manager gave a pendent answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个悬挂着的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be pendent before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是悬挂着的的。
ul
ous
悬垂的,松垂的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend + ul + ous
形 悬垂的,松垂的
▪ The new rule will be pendulous for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是悬垂的。
▪ They considered the plan pendulous after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是悬垂的。
▪ The manager gave a pendulous answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个悬垂的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be pendulous before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是悬垂的的。
水塘
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 水塘
▪ The pond is widely used in this kind of work.
水塘在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the pond in a safe place after use.
用后请把水塘放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the pond to the entrance of the building.
团队把水塘搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable pond at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的水塘。
重量;重要性
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 重量;重要性
▪ The ponderance is widely used in this kind of work.
重量在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the ponderance in a safe place after use.
用后请把重量放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the ponderance to the entrance of the building.
团队把重量搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable ponderance at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的重量。
有意的,蓄意的,有预谋的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 有意的,蓄意的,有预谋的
▪ The new rule will be prepense for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是有意的。
▪ They considered the plan prepense after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是有意的。
▪ The manager gave a prepense answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个有意的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be prepense before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是有意的的。
优势;多数
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
名 优势;多数
▪ The preponderance is widely used in this kind of work.
优势在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the preponderance in a safe place after use.
用后请把优势放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the preponderance to the entrance of the building.
团队把优势搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable preponderance at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的优势。
占优势的,多数的
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
形 占优势的,多数的
▪ The new rule will be preponderant for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是占优势的。
▪ They considered the plan preponderant after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是占优势的。
▪ The manager gave a preponderant answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个占优势的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be preponderant before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是占优势的的。
(在重量、数量、力量等方面)占优势,胜过
拉丁词根 pend/pens 派生:pend/pens
动 (在重量、数量、力量等方面)占优势,胜过
▪ The teacher asked the students to preponderate before the bell rang.
铃响前老师让学生们占优势。
▪ She decided to preponderate after thinking about the risk.
考虑到风险后她决定占优势。
▪ They will not preponderate unless the weather improves.
除非天气好转,否则他们不会占优势。
▪ Nobody expected him to preponderate so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就占优势了。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
spend 是 expendere 的缩约
拉丁 expendere「称量付出」=ex-+pendere「称量」,缩约为 spendere,古英语 spendan 借入;故 spend 与 expense 同根。
注意:depend 与 pendant 拼写不同
depend 用现在词干 -pend(悬挂),pendant「悬饰」用分词 pendēns(悬挂着的);同根不同词干。
存疑(s)pen- 的 s-mobile
pendere 无 s、spinnan 有 s 是游动 s 现象,二者同根为多数派看法;个别词典分列,此处从主流。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *(s)pen-(to hang, weigh, spin)
│
├─ 拉丁 pendō · pendere · pendī · pēnsus(第三变位)
│ ├─ pend-:depend · suspend · pending · pendulum
│ ├─ pēns-:expense · compensate · pension · pensive · suspense
│ └─ 缩约 spendere:spend
└─ 日耳曼(s-mobile):英语 spin(纺)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 pend-/pēns- 同族,s-mobile 与缩约 spend 是关键。
pend-/pēns-
depend/suspend 用 pend-,expense/pension 用 pēns-。
expendere→spend
ex- 缩约脱落,spend 与 expense 同根。
闭环
本页词皆由 pend-+de-/sub-/ex-/com- 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
N · 日耳曼 spin(纺)
spinnan
英语本族 spin「纺」,与 pendere「悬挂—纺线」一线同根
L · 拉丁 pendere
pend-/pēns-
depend · suspend · expense · spend · pension · pensive
一屏速记 · 69 词
名附录;阑尾
构appendere+-ix
例the book includes an appendix with maps
动补偿,赔偿;抵消
构com-+pensare
例the factory compensated residents for the noise
动依靠,取决于;悬而未决
构de-+pendere
例the picnic depends on the weather
形依赖的;名受抚养人
构depend+-ent
例the project is dependent on one donor
名开销,费用;代价
构ex-+pensum
例the trip was worth the expense
形昂贵的
构expense+-ive
例the restaurant was too expensive for us
名独立,自主
构in-+dependence
例the nation celebrates its independence every July
形独立的;名无党派者
构in-+dependent
例she is financially independent at twenty-five
形不可或缺的,必需的
构in-+dis-+pens+-able
例a reliable dictionary is indispensable for learners
名养老金,退休金;动发养老金
构pendere
例they live comfortably on their pension
形垂直的;名垂线
构per-+pendere
例the wall stands perpendicular to the floor
动沉思,仔细考虑
构pendere
例she sat by the window, pondering the letter
名磅(重量);英镑
构pendere
例the baby weighed seven pounds at birth
动花费;度过(时间);消耗
构expendere
例they spend every weekend by the sea
动暂停;悬挂;停学/停职
构sus-+pendere
例the school decided to suspend the student
名补偿,赔偿;薪酬
构compensate+-ion。
例the workers demanded fair compensation
动分配;配发(药);免除
构dis-+pensare
例the pharmacy dispenses medicine with care
动花费,耗费(精力/金钱)
构ex-+pendere
例the army expended much ammunition in training
形待决的;介在…期间
构pendere+-ing
例the case remains pending in court
名悬念,悬而未决;焦虑
构suspendere
例the film builds suspense from the first scene
名暂停;悬挂;悬架;停学
构sus-+pens+-io
例the suspension of the game angered the fans
名 附加,附上;署名
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The append is widely used in this kind of work.
名 附属物;(生物)附肢
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The appendage is widely used in this kind of work.
名 阑尾炎
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The appendicitis is widely used in this kind of work.
形 可靠的,可信赖的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be dependable for everyone in the group.
名 依赖,依靠;瘾
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The whole dependence took several hours to complete.
形 即将发生的,迫近的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be impending for everyone in the group.
名 强烈偏好,倾向
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The penchant is widely used in this kind of work.
名 吊坠,挂件;吊灯
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The pendant is widely used in this kind of work.
名 钟摆;摇摆物
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The pendulum is widely used in this kind of work.
名 顶层公寓;披屋
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例They met near the penthouse after the work was finished.
名 吊袜带;(英)吊裤带;吊杆
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The suspender is widely used in this kind of work.
名 概要,汇编,简编
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The compendium is widely used in this kind of work.
动 平衡(力),抵消;使平衡
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The manager decided to counterpoise the problem before the meeting.
形 可有可无的,可省去的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be dispensable for everyone in the group.
名 药房,诊疗所;配药处
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The dispensary is widely used in this kind of work.
名 分配;豁免,特准;天道,神意
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The whole dispensation took several hours to complete.
名 分配者,配药师;自动取用器
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The dispenser arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 三色堇,蝴蝶花
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The pansy is widely used in this kind of work.
形 沉思的,忧郁的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be pensive for everyone in the group.
动 沉着,泰然自若;平衡;使平衡
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The manager decided to poise the problem before the meeting.
形 镇定的;蓄势待发的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be poised for everyone in the group.
形 沉重笨重的;(文章)冗长沉闷的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be ponderous for everyone in the group.
名 (性格上的)倾向,癖好
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The whole propensity took several hours to complete.
名 赔偿,酬报;酬金
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The recompense is widely used in this kind of work.
形 可消耗的,可牺牲的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be expendable for everyone in the group.
名 支出,开支;耗费
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The expenditure is widely used in this kind of work.
形 不贵的,便宜的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be inexpensive for everyone in the group.
名 领养老金者
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The pensioner arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 比索(西语区货币)
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The peso is widely used in this kind of work.
名 花钱者,挥霍者
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The spender arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 开销,花费
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The whole spending took several hours to complete.
名 挥霍者;挥霍的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The spendthrift arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 (实习/神职/学者的)津贴,薪俸
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The stipend is widely used in this kind of work.
形 简明的,摘要的
源compendi + ous
构compendi + ous
例The new rule will be compendious for everyone in the group.
名 依赖,依靠;依附者,附属国,附属地
源depend + ency
构depend + ency
例The dependency is widely used in this kind of work.
动 迫近;(坏事)即将发生
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The teacher asked the students to impend before the bell rang.
名 迫切,危急
源impend + ence
构impend + ence
例The impendence is widely used in this kind of work.
形 即将发生的;迫近的
源impend + ent
构impend + ent
例The new rule will be impendent for everyone in the group.
形 难以估算的n.难以估算的事物
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be imponderable for everyone in the group.
动 悬挂,悬而未决
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The teacher asked the students to pend before the bell rang.
形 悬挂着的,悬而未决的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be pendent for everyone in the group.
形 悬垂的,松垂的
源pend + ul + ous
构pend + ul + ous
例The new rule will be pendulous for everyone in the group.
名 水塘
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The pond is widely used in this kind of work.
名 重量;重要性
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The ponderance is widely used in this kind of work.
形 有意的,蓄意的,有预谋的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be prepense for everyone in the group.
名 优势;多数
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The preponderance is widely used in this kind of work.
形 占优势的,多数的
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The new rule will be preponderant for everyone in the group.
动 (在重量、数量、力量等方面)占优势,胜过
源pend/pens
构pend/pens
例The teacher asked the students to preponderate before the bell rang.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
pend/pens 在日耳曼线上有 spin 本族对应。
G 篇待补 · —
N 篇待补 · spin(*(s)pen-)

