GERMANIC ROOT · N049 · 日耳曼字根
drink / drink喝 · 饮 · 酒
古英语 drincan(PIE 根多拟 *dhengwh-「吸饮」,印欧远亲未定论)
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
drink 是日耳曼本族强变化动词,其印欧远亲在拉丁、希腊一侧没有可对应的现成字根页。
PGmc *drinkaną → OE drincan
drink
本族同根:drank · drunk · drunkard · drunken(详见本页)
拉丁「喝」= potāre,与 drink 不同根
pot-L 篇待补
potable · potion;与日耳曼 drink 无对音关系
希腊「喝」无对应本批字根页
—G 篇待补
本批希腊字根页暂无对应专页
本根不适用:梵语、拉丁一侧无可靠对音词形,不强行链接 L/G 字根页。
元音等级 Ablaut ABLAUT GRADES
drincan 属强变化第 III 类,词根元音 i/a/u 交替。
E-GRADE 现在式
*drin-
现在时词干
drink(drincan):喝
A-GRADE 过去单
*dranc
过去式词干
drank(dranc):喝(过去式)
U-GRADE 过去复/分词
*drunk-
过去复数、分词
drunk(druncen):醉的;drunken
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从 drincan 到现代 drink 词族,关键语音变化。
①鼻音 + 短元音
词根 dr-i-nk 保留短元音:drink /drɪŋk/、drank /dræŋk/、drunk /drʌŋk/。
②分词形容词化
过去分词 druncen 派生形容词 drunk「醉的」与 drunken「酒醉引起的」。
③-ard 后缀
drunkard「酒鬼」:drunk + -ard(贬义施事后缀,源自古法语)。
④k → ŋk
词尾 -nk 在现代发音中实际为 /ŋk/:drink /drɪŋk/。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
drincan 是古英语强变化第 III 类动词,四个词干由 Ablaut 驱动。
不定式 INFINITIVE
*drinkaną
OE drincan
过去单数 PAST SG
*drank
OE dranc
过去复数 PAST PL
*drunkun
OE druncon
过去分词 PAST PP
*drunkana
OE (ge)druncen
拼写演变 · 文献证据
| 词干 | 古英语 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在词干 | drincan | drinken · drink | drink |
| 过去单数 | dranc | drank | drank |
| 过去分词 | (ge)druncen | drunken · drunk | drunk |
三个关键事实:① drink/drank/drunk 是 III 类经典三态(与 sing/sang/sung 同类);② drunk 由分词转为形容词「醉的」;③ drunk driving「酒驾」、drink to「为…干杯」为现代高频搭配。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
drink 各义由「喝」逐级引申。
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类型学验证 · 「喝 → 陶醉」
drink in「如饮般陶醉地吸收」是通感隐喻:汉语说「饱览美景」「醉心于此」,英语 drink in 同理——把「吸饮」的动作移到「视听享受」上。
喝 / 饮
古英语 drincan「喝」< PGmc *drinkaną
动 喝,饮 名 喝,饮,饮料,酒
衍
drank v 喝(过去式) drunk adj 醉的 drunkard n 酒鬼 drunken adj 醉酒的
soft drink n 软饮料 hard drink n 烈酒 drinking water n 饮用水 drunk driving n 酒驾
drink up v 喝光 drink to v 为…干杯 non-drinker n 不饮酒者 drinking fountain n 饮水器
▪ Please drink a glass of water after the long walk.
走了远路后请喝杯水。
▪ We ordered a cold drink at the cafe.
我们在咖啡馆点了一杯冷饮。
▪ He does not drink alcohol at all.
他滴酒不沾。
▪ Soft drink sales rise in the hot summer.
软饮料销量在炎热的夏天上升。
陶醉地看;吸入;倾听
古英语 drink 家族:drink(如饮般吸收)
名 陶醉地看;吸入;倾听
▪ They had to drink in before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不陶醉地看。
▪ The team will drink in once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会陶醉地看。
▪ She decided to drink in after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定陶醉地看。
▪ Nobody expected things to drink in so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快陶醉地看。
豪饮;牛饮
古英语 drink 家族:drink(如鱼饮水般豪饮)
名 豪饮;牛饮
▪ The drink like a fish is widely used in this kind of work.
豪饮在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drink like a fish in a safe place after use.
用后请把豪饮放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drink like a fish to the entrance of the building.
团队把豪饮搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drink like a fish at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的豪饮。
为…干杯;举杯祝
古英语 drink 家族:drink(举杯祝)
名 为…干杯;举杯祝
▪ The drink to is widely used in this kind of work.
为…干杯在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drink to in a safe place after use.
用后请把为…干杯放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drink to to the entrance of the building.
团队把为…干杯搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drink to at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的为…干杯。
喝光;一饮而尽
古英语 drink 家族:drink(喝个干净)
名 喝光;一饮而尽
▪ They had to drink up before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不喝光。
▪ The team will drink up once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会喝光。
▪ She decided to drink up after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定喝光。
▪ Nobody expected things to drink up so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快喝光。
可饮用的;n. 饮料
古英语 drink 家族:drink(可喝)
形 可饮用的;n. 饮料
▪ The new rule will be drinkable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可饮用的。
▪ They considered the plan drinkable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可饮用的。
▪ The manager gave a drinkable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可饮用的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be drinkable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可饮用的的。
饮酒者;酒徒
古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮酒之人)
名 饮酒者;酒徒
▪ The drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位饮酒者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained drinker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的饮酒者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced drinker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的饮酒者。
▪ The drinker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,饮酒者回答了记者的提问。
喝;饮酒;adj. 饮用的
古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮用之中)
名 喝;饮酒;adj. 饮用的
▪ The whole drinking took several hours to complete.
整个喝过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper drinking is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的喝至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of drinking with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了喝的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the drinking.
经理就喝写了一份清晰的报告。
饮用水
古英语 drink 家族:drink(可饮之水)
名 饮用水
▪ The drinking water is widely used in this kind of work.
饮用水在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drinking water in a safe place after use.
用后请把饮用水放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drinking water to the entrance of the building.
团队把饮用水搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drinking water at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的饮用水。
饮料(复数);v. 喝(三单)
古英语 drink 家族:drink(饮料)
动 饮料(复数);v. 喝(三单)
▪ The manager decided to drinks the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前饮料这个问题。
▪ She will drinks the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去饮料这项任务。
▪ They need to drinks the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要饮料这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to drinks the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就饮料了计划。
醉的;v. drink 过分;n. 醉汉
古英语 drink 家族:drink(喝醉)
形 醉的;v. drink 过分;n. 醉汉
▪ The new rule will be drunk for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是醉的。
▪ They considered the plan drunk after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是醉的。
▪ The manager gave a drunk answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个醉的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be drunk before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是醉的的。
酒后驾车
古英语 drink 家族:drink(醉酒驾驶)
名 酒后驾车
▪ The drunk driving is widely used in this kind of work.
酒后驾车在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drunk driving in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒后驾车放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drunk driving to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒后驾车搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drunk driving at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒后驾车。
酒鬼;醉汉
古英语 drink 家族:drink(嗜醉之人)
名 酒鬼;醉汉
▪ The drunkard is widely used in this kind of work.
酒鬼在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drunkard in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒鬼放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drunkard to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒鬼搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drunkard at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒鬼。
醉酒的;酒醉引起的
古英语 drink 家族:drink(醉酒状态)
形 醉酒的;酒醉引起的
▪ The new rule will be drunken for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是醉酒的。
▪ They considered the plan drunken after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是醉酒的。
▪ The manager gave a drunken answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个醉酒的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be drunken before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是醉酒的的。
烈酒;含酒精饮料
古英语 drink 家族:drink(烈性酒)
名 烈酒;含酒精饮料
▪ The hard drink is widely used in this kind of work.
烈酒在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the hard drink in a safe place after use.
用后请把烈酒放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the hard drink to the entrance of the building.
团队把烈酒搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable hard drink at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的烈酒。
不饮酒者;滴酒不沾者
古英语 drink 家族:drink(不饮酒之人)
名 不饮酒者;滴酒不沾者
▪ The non-drinker arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位不饮酒者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained non-drinker knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的不饮酒者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced non-drinker for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的不饮酒者。
▪ The non-drinker answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,不饮酒者回答了记者的提问。
软饮料;汽水
古英语 drink 家族:drink(无酒精饮料)
名 软饮料;汽水
▪ The soft drink is widely used in this kind of work.
软饮料在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the soft drink in a safe place after use.
用后请把软饮料放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the soft drink to the entrance of the building.
团队把软饮料搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable soft drink at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的软饮料。
使湿透;浸透;灌药
古英语 drink 家族:drink(使湿透;浸透;灌药)
动 使湿透;浸透;灌药
▪ The manager decided to drench the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使湿透这个问题。
▪ She will drench the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使湿透这项任务。
▪ They need to drench the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使湿透这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to drench the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使湿透了计划。
淹死;淹没;浸没
古英语 drink 家族:drink(淹死;淹没;浸没)
动 淹死;淹没;浸没
▪ The manager decided to drown the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前淹死这个问题。
▪ She will drown the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去淹死这项任务。
▪ They need to drown the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要淹死这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to drown the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就淹死了计划。
driving
酒后驾车
古英语 drink 家族:drunk + driving(酒后驾车)
名 酒后驾车
▪ The drunkdriving is widely used in this kind of work.
酒后驾车在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the drunkdriving in a safe place after use.
用后请把酒后驾车放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the drunkdriving to the entrance of the building.
团队把酒后驾车搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable drunkdriving at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酒后驾车。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
drink(PGmc *drinkaną;印欧根多拟 *dhengwh-)
│
└─ OE drincan(强变化 III 类)── drink
├─ 过去式 drank
├─ 分词 drunk ── drunkard · drunken · drunk driving
└─ 复合:soft drink · hard drink · drinking water
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
drincan、dranc、druncen 是古英语真实形式;PIE 根为拟测、未定论。
本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠,属核心「本族层」。
drink 是前 1000 高频词;drunk、drunkard、drunken 均为常用词。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
drink 在日耳曼语内部同源稳固,拉丁「喝」则走了另一条路。
GERMANIC 日耳曼内部
trinken / drinken
德语 trinken「喝」· 荷兰语 drinken,与英语 drink 是近亲。
LATIN 拉丁(不同源)
potāre「to drink」
拉丁 potāre「喝」→ potable「可饮的」· potion「一服、药水」,与 drink 不同根。
punch-drunk
原指「被打得晕头转向」,后引申迷迷糊糊
syndrome 类
本根属身体动词核心层,无学术借词后代
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · drink
drink 为日耳曼本族强变化动词,拉丁/希腊一侧为不同源的「喝」字根:
L · 拉丁 potāre/potion(待补,不同源)
G · 希腊(待补)

