GERMANIC ROOT · N048 · 日耳曼字根
eat / eat吃 · 进食 · 腐蚀
PIE root *ed- 「to eat」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧根 *ed-「吃」,英语 eat、拉丁 edere、希腊 phagein 本是一家。
*ed- → PGmc *etaną → OE etan
eat
本族同根:eatery · overeat · edible(经拉丁)(详见本页)
*ed- → Latin edere「to eat」
ed-/es-L 篇待补
edible · obese · comestible;本批拉丁字根页暂无 edere 专页
最远同源可溯至梵语 ádmi「我吃」、拉丁语 edere(保留原始 *d-)。
元音等级 Ablaut ABLAUT GRADES
etan 属强变化第 V 类,词根元音 e/a/零级交替。
E-GRADE 全级
*ed-
现在时词干
eat(etan):吃
O-GRADE 过去单
*ēd-
过去式词干
ate(ǣt):吃(过去式)
ZERO-GRADE 零级
*ed-
过去分词
eaten(eten):被吃
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从 *ed- 到现代 eat 词族,关键语音变化。
①格林定律 /t/
PIE *d- 经格林定律在日耳曼清化为 t;词尾 -n 脱落,eat /iːt/。对照拉丁 edere。
②元音大推移 /iː/ 与 /eɪ/
现在式长 e → /iː/ eat;过去式 ate 发展为 /eɪt/(方言亦读 /ɛt/)。
③拉丁借词 edible
拉丁 edere 的形容词 edibilis 经古法语进入英语作 edible「可食的」,词根 ed- 保留。
④obese 的 ob-
拉丁 ob-(加强)+ edere「吃」→ obesus「吃胖了的」→ obese「肥胖的」。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
etan 是古英语强变化第 V 类动词,四个词干由 Ablaut 驱动。
不定式 INFINITIVE
*etaną
OE etan
过去单数 PAST SG
*ē
OE ǣt
过去复数 PAST PL
*ētun
OE ǣton
过去分词 PAST PP
*etanaz
OE (ge)eten
拼写演变 · 文献证据
| 词干 | 古英语 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在词干 | etan | eten · ete | eat |
| 过去单数 | ǣt | at · et | ate |
| 过去分词 | (ge)eten | eten · eaten | eaten |
三个关键事实:① eat 是身体动作核心词;② eat away / eat into 引申「腐蚀、蚕食」(酸吃金属);③ overeat「暴食」、eatery「小饭馆」为现代派生。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
eat 各义由「进食」逐级引申。
→
→
类型学验证 · 「吃 → 腐蚀」
「酸像被吃掉一样侵蚀金属」是跨语言普遍隐喻:汉语说「酸咬铁器」「锈吃掉了」,英语 eat away/eat into 同理。obese「肥胖」本义「(被)吃多了的」。
吃 / 进食
古英语 etan「吃」< PGmc *etaną < PIE *ed-
动 吃,进食,腐蚀
衍
ate v 吃(过去式) overeat v 暴食 eatery n 小饭馆
eat out v 下馆子 eat up v 吃光 eating disorder n 进食障碍 eat into v 侵蚀
▪ We usually eat dinner at seven in the evening.
我们通常晚上七点吃晚饭。
▪ Acid can eat away at the metal over time.
酸会随时间腐蚀金属。
▪ They decided to eat out on their anniversary.
周年纪念日他们决定出去吃。
▪ Do not overeat before you go swimming.
游泳前不要吃得过饱。
吃 / 可
拉丁 edibilis「可食的」< edere「吃」(*ed-)
形 可食用的 名 食物
▪ These wild berries are not edible.
这些野莓不能吃。
▪ The shop sells edible flowers for cakes.
这家店卖可用于蛋糕的食用花。
▪ Make sure the mushrooms are edible before cooking.
煮之前务必确认蘑菇可食用。
▪ The box held edible gifts like honey and jam.
盒子里装着蜂蜜和果酱这类可食用礼物。
加强 / 吃
拉丁 obesus「吃胖了的」< ob- + edere「吃」
形 肥胖的,臃肿的
▪ The doctor warned that obese patients need more exercise.
医生警告肥胖患者需要多运动。
▪ Obese cats may develop joint problems.
肥胖的猫可能出现关节问题。
▪ The study followed obese adults for five years.
该研究跟踪了肥胖成人五年。
▪ A balanced diet helps obese children grow healthier.
均衡饮食帮助肥胖儿童更健康地成长。
自相残杀(的);残酷竞争
古英语 eat 家族:eat(狗吃狗);< PIE *ed-
名 自相残杀(的);残酷竞争
▪ The dog-eat-dog is widely used in this kind of work.
自相残杀在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the dog-eat-dog in a safe place after use.
用后请把自相残杀放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the dog-eat-dog to the entrance of the building.
团队把自相残杀搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable dog-eat-dog at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的自相残杀。
侵蚀;腐蚀;蚕食
古英语 eat 家族:eat(一点点吃掉);< PIE *ed-
名 侵蚀;腐蚀;蚕食
▪ They had to eat away before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不侵蚀。
▪ The team will eat away once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会侵蚀。
▪ She decided to eat away after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定侵蚀。
▪ Nobody expected things to eat away so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快侵蚀。
在家吃饭;在食堂吃
古英语 eat 家族:eat(在家中吃);< PIE *ed-
名 在家吃饭;在食堂吃
▪ They had to eat in before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不在家吃饭。
▪ The team will eat in once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会在家吃饭。
▪ She decided to eat in after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定在家吃饭。
▪ Nobody expected things to eat in so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快在家吃饭。
收回前言;承认说错
古英语 eat 家族:eat(「吃下」自己的话);< PIE *ed-
名 收回前言;承认说错
▪ The eat one’s words is widely used in this kind of work.
收回前言在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the eat one’s words in a safe place after use.
用后请把收回前言放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the eat one’s words to the entrance of the building.
团队把收回前言搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable eat one’s words at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的收回前言。
外出就餐;下馆子
古英语 eat 家族:eat(在外吃);< PIE *ed-
名 外出就餐;下馆子
▪ They had to eat out before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不外出就餐。
▪ The team will eat out once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会外出就餐。
▪ She decided to eat out after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定外出就餐。
▪ Nobody expected things to eat out so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快外出就餐。
吃光;耗尽;沉迷
古英语 eat 家族:eat(吃个精光);< PIE *ed-
名 吃光;耗尽;沉迷
▪ They had to eat up before the situation got worse.
情况恶化前,他们不得不吃光。
▪ The team will eat up once the plan is ready.
计划就绪后,团队就会吃光。
▪ She decided to eat up after thinking it over.
仔细考虑后,她决定吃光。
▪ Nobody expected things to eat up so quickly.
没人料到情况会这么快吃光。
可吃的;能吃的
古英语 eat 家族:eat(可食用);< PIE *ed-
形 可吃的;能吃的
▪ The new rule will be eatable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可吃的。
▪ They considered the plan eatable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可吃的。
▪ The manager gave a eatable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可吃的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be eatable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可吃的的。
吃(过分);被吃
古英语 eat 家族:eat(已被吃);< PIE *ed-
形 吃(过分);被吃
▪ The new rule will be eaten for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是吃。
▪ They considered the plan eaten after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是吃。
▪ The manager gave a eaten answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个吃的答复。
▪ Every solution must be eaten before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是吃的。
吃…的人/动物;食者
古英语 eat 家族:eat(进食之人);< PIE *ed-
名 吃…的人/动物;食者
▪ The eater arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位吃…的人比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained eater knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的吃…的人知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced eater for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的吃…的人。
▪ The eater answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,吃…的人回答了记者的提问。
餐馆;小饭馆
古英语 eat 家族:eat(进食之处);< PIE *ed-
名 餐馆;小饭馆
▪ The eatery is widely used in this kind of work.
餐馆在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the eatery in a safe place after use.
用后请把餐馆放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the eatery to the entrance of the building.
团队把餐馆搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable eatery at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的餐馆。
吃;进食;adj. 可生食的
古英语 eat 家族:eat(进食之中);< PIE *ed-
名 吃;进食;adj. 可生食的
▪ The whole eating took several hours to complete.
整个吃过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper eating is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的吃至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of eating with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了吃的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the eating.
经理就吃写了一份清晰的报告。
吃(三单);n. 食物
古英语 eat 家族:eat(吃/食物);< PIE *ed-
动 吃(三单);n. 食物
▪ The manager decided to eats the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前吃这个问题。
▪ She will eats the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去吃这项任务。
▪ They need to eats the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要吃这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to eats the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就吃了计划。
食人者;食人兽;食男者
古英语 eat 家族:eat(食人者/兽);< PIE *ed-
名 食人者;食人兽;食男者
▪ The man-eater arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位食人者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained man-eater knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的食人者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced man-eater for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的食人者。
▪ The man-eater answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,食人者回答了记者的提问。
吃得过多;暴食
古英语 eat 家族:eat(吃过量);< PIE *ed-
名 吃得过多;暴食
▪ The overeat is widely used in this kind of work.
吃得过多在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the overeat in a safe place after use.
用后请把吃得过多放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the overeat to the entrance of the building.
团队把吃得过多搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable overeat at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的吃得过多。
蚀刻;铭刻;刻划
古英语 eat 家族:eat(蚀刻;铭刻;刻划);< PIE *ed-
动 蚀刻;铭刻;刻划
▪ The manager decided to etch the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前蚀刻这个问题。
▪ She will etch the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去蚀刻这项任务。
▪ They need to etch the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要蚀刻这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to etch the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就蚀刻了计划。
etan)
烦恼;磨损;侵蚀
古英语 eat 家族:古英语 fretan 吞食 + etan)(烦恼;磨损;侵蚀);< PIE *ed-
动 烦恼;磨损;侵蚀
▪ The manager decided to fret the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前烦恼这个问题。
▪ She will fret the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去烦恼这项任务。
▪ They need to fret the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要烦恼这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to fret the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就烦恼了计划。
eater
食人兽;食人族
古英语 eat 家族:man + eater(食人兽;食人族);< PIE *ed-
名 食人兽;食人族
▪ The maneater arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位食人兽比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained maneater knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的食人兽知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced maneater for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的食人兽。
▪ The maneater answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,食人兽回答了记者的提问。
收回前言,承认说错
古英语 eat 家族:eat(收回前言,承认说错);< PIE *ed-
名 收回前言,承认说错
衍
日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校
▪ The eat one words is widely used in this kind of work.
收回前言在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the eat one words in a safe place after use.
用后请把收回前言放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the eat one words to the entrance of the building.
团队把收回前言搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable eat one words at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的收回前言。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *ed-(to eat)
│
├─ PGmc *etaną ── OE etan ── eat · ate · eaten
│ └─ overeat · eatery · eat out / eat up
│
├─ 拉丁 edere ── edibilis ── edible
│ └─ ob- + edere ── obesus ── obese
│
└─ 希腊 phagein ── phag-(sarcophagus 等)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
带星号 *ed-、*etaną 为构拟形;etan、ǣt、eten 是古英语真实形式。
eat 为本族词(5 世纪入英);edible、obese 为后借自拉丁的学术词。
eat 是英语最高频动词之一;edible/obese 集中于饮食与医学语境。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
*ed-「吃」在希腊一支长成了大量医学术语。
GREEK 希腊
phagein「to eat」
phagein「吃」→ sarcophagus「食肉石棺」· esophagus「食道」
LATIN 拉丁
edere「to eat」
edere → edible「可食」· obese「肥胖」· comestible「可食」
esophagus
希腊 eso「进」+ phagein「吃」:食物下行的管道 → 食道
amanuensis 误
注意:ami「爱」与本根无关;勿把 edible 与 adore 混
外围日耳曼
德语 essen「吃」· 荷兰语 eten
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *ed-
同一个 PIE *ed-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:

