GERMANIC ROOT · N053 · 日耳曼字根
yeast / yeast酵母 · 发酵 · 泡沫
PIE root *yes- 「to boil, foam, ferment」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧根 *yes-「沸腾、起泡」,英语 yeast 与希腊 zein「煮、沸」本是一家。
*yes- → PGmc *jestijaz → OE gist
yeast
本族同根:yeasty(详见本页)
*yes- → 拉丁无常用后代词
—L 篇待补
本批拉丁字根页暂无对应专页
*yes- → Greek zein「to boil, ferment」
zest-G 篇待补
zestos「boiled」;注意 G150 zeal 是 zēlos「热忱」,不同源
最远同源可溯至希腊 zein「沸腾」、立陶宛 jaisu「我发酵」。
词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS
yeast 是名词,不靠 Ablaut;词族极简单。
名词
gist
「泡沫、酵母」
yeast:酵母
形容词
yeasty
「发酵的、起泡沫的」
yeasty:发酵的;动荡的
复合
yeast extract
「酵母提取物」
现代食品/生物学术语
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从 *yes- 到现代 yeast,关键语音变化。
①词首 g→y
古英语词首 g-(在前元音前)腭化为 y-:gist → yeast /jiːst/。
②元音大推移 /iː/
长 e 经大推移高化为 /iː/:yeast /jiːst/。
③-st 词尾
词根 *yes- 加日耳曼形容词后缀 -tijaz,现代 -st 保留:yeast。
④zest 勿混
现代英语 zest「热情、柑橘皮」借自法语 zeste,与 yeast「发酵」仅形近、词源无关。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
yeast 是名词,其派生简单。
名词 NOUN
yeast
OE gist「酵母」
形容词
yeasty
「发酵的」
复合(现代)
yeast extract
食品/生物术语
拼写演变 · 文献证据
| 词 | 古英语 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 酵母 | gist · yst | yeest · yest | yeast |
三个关键事实:① yeast 本义「发酵泡沫」;② 与希腊 zein「沸」同根;③ 现代派生极少,多为食品学术语。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
yeast 各义由「发酵泡沫」引申。
→
→
同形辨析 · yeast 与 zest/zeal
yeast「酵母」出自 *yes-「沸、泡」;zest「热情、柑橘皮」借自法语;zeal「热忱」出自希腊 zēlos。三者仅形近,词源各不相同。
酵母 / 发酵
古英语 gist「泡沫、酵母」< PGmc *jestijaz < PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母,发酵粉,泡沫
衍
yeasty adj 发酵的,起泡沫的 brewer’s yeast n 啤酒酵母
yeast infection n 酵母菌感染 yeast extract n 酵母提取物
▪ Bread rises because yeast makes the dough bubble.
面包发起来,是因为酵母让面团起泡。
▪ The baker added fresh yeast to the warm milk.
面包师把新鲜酵母加入温牛奶里。
▪ Beer is made with hops, water, and yeast.
啤酒由啤酒花、水和酵母酿成。
▪ A little yeast is enough to start the dough rising.
一点点酵母就足以让面团发起。
活性酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(有活力之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 活性酵母
▪ The active yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
活性酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the active yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把活性酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the active yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把活性酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable active yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的活性酵母。
面包酵母;发面酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(发面之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 面包酵母;发面酵母
▪ The baker’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
面包酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the baker’s yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the baker’s yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable baker’s yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包酵母。
啤酒酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酿酒之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 啤酒酵母
▪ The brewer’s yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
啤酒酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the brewer’s yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把啤酒酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the brewer’s yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把啤酒酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable brewer’s yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的啤酒酵母。
干酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(脱水酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 干酵母
▪ The dry yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
干酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the dry yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把干酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the dry yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把干酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable dry yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的干酵母。
即发酵母;快速酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(快速发酵酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 即发酵母;快速酵母
▪ The instant yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
即发酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the instant yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把即发酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the instant yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把即发酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable instant yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的即发酵母。
营养酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(营养强化酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 营养酵母
▪ The nutritional yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
营养酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the nutritional yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把营养酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the nutritional yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把营养酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable nutritional yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的营养酵母。
野生酵母;天然酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(天然存在之酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 野生酵母;天然酵母
▪ The wild yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
野生酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the wild yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把野生酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the wild yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把野生酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable wild yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的野生酵母。
发酵面包
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母发酵之面包);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 发酵面包
▪ The yeast bread is widely used in this kind of work.
发酵面包在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast bread in a safe place after use.
用后请把发酵面包放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast bread to the entrance of the building.
团队把发酵面包搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast bread at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的发酵面包。
酵母饼;鲜酵母块
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(块状酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母饼;鲜酵母块
▪ The yeast cake is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母饼在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast cake in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母饼放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast cake to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母饼搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast cake at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母饼。
酵母菌细胞
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母之细胞);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母菌细胞
▪ The yeast cell is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母菌细胞在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast cell in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母菌细胞放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast cell to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母菌细胞搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast cell at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母菌细胞。
发酵面团
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母面团);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 发酵面团
▪ The yeast dough is widely used in this kind of work.
发酵面团在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast dough in a safe place after use.
用后请把发酵面团放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast dough to the entrance of the building.
团队把发酵面团搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast dough at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的发酵面团。
酵母提取物;酵母精
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母浓缩物);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母提取物;酵母精
▪ The yeast extract is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母提取物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast extract in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母提取物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast extract to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母提取物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast extract at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母提取物。
酵母发酵
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母之发酵);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母发酵
▪ The yeast fermentation is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母发酵在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast fermentation in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母发酵放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast fermentation to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母发酵搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast fermentation at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母发酵。
酵母菌感染
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(酵母过度繁殖之感染);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母菌感染
▪ The yeast infection is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母菌感染在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast infection in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母菌感染放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast infection to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母菌感染搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast infection at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母菌感染。
酵母种;酵头
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(发酵引子);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母种;酵头
▪ The yeast starter is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母种在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeast starter in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母种放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeast starter to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母种搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeast starter at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母种。
酵母(复数/种类)
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(多种酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 酵母(复数/种类)
▪ The yeasts is widely used in this kind of work.
酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the yeasts in a safe place after use.
用后请把酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the yeasts to the entrance of the building.
团队把酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable yeasts at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的酵母。
面包酵母,发面酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(面包酵母,发面酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 面包酵母,发面酵母
衍
日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校
▪ The baker yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
面包酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the baker yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把面包酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the baker yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把面包酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable baker yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的面包酵母。
啤酒酵母
古英语 yeast 家族:yeast(啤酒酵母);< PIE *yes-「沸、泡」
名 啤酒酵母
衍
日耳曼扩词回补·合成词·层级待校
▪ The brewer yeast is widely used in this kind of work.
啤酒酵母在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the brewer yeast in a safe place after use.
用后请把啤酒酵母放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the brewer yeast to the entrance of the building.
团队把啤酒酵母搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable brewer yeast at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的啤酒酵母。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *yes-(to boil, foam, ferment)
│
└─ PGmc *jestijaz ── OE gist ── yeast
└─ yeasty · brewer's yeast · yeast extract
(希腊 zein「沸腾」同根,本批无专页;zest/zeal 不同源)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
带星号 *yes-、*jestijaz 为构拟形;gist、yst 是古英语真实形式。
本族词,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人于 5 世纪带入不列颠。
yeast 中频,集中于烘焙、酿造、生物语境。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
*yes-「沸、泡」在希腊一支保留最清楚。
GREEK 希腊
zein「to boil」
zein「煮、沸」→ zestos「煮沸的」;与英语 yeast「发酵泡沫」同根。
NOTE 辨析
zeal / zest 勿混
zeal(希腊 zēlos「热忱」)、zest(法语「柑橘皮」)与 yeast 均不同源。
barm
「啤酒泡沫、酵母」是 *bhreu- 一支,与 yeast 同义不同根
leaven
「发酵剂」借自拉丁 levare「举起」,指面团被气泡顶起,与 yeast 概念相关
外围日耳曼
德语 Gest「酵母、泡沫」· 荷兰语 gist
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *yes-
同一个 PIE *yes-,在三条语源主线上分化,可横向对照:
L · 拉丁(待补)
G · 希腊 zein/zestos(待补)

