日耳曼字根 N74 · short:短·短缺(PIE *sker-)

GERMANIC ROOT · N074 · 日耳曼字根

short / shirt / skirt短 · 切 · 衣摆

PIE root *sker- 「to cut」(short=被切短的)

语源:日耳曼本族(形容词,切短义)
古英语:scort「短」· scyrte「衣摆」
共时词族:8 词

同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES

short 本义「被切短的」,与 shirt、skirt 同出「切割/衣摆」一族;拉丁/希腊侧取「切」义孳生大量学术词。

N · GERMANIC 日耳曼

*sker- → PGmc *skurto- → OE scort

short · shirt · skirt

本族同根:shortage · shortcut · shortcoming · shorthand(详见本页)

L · LATIN 拉丁

*sker- → curtus「cut short」

curt-L 篇待补

curt(简短/唐突)、curtail;拉丁侧取「切短」

G · GREEK 希腊

*sker- → keirein「to cut」

cer-G 篇待补

-tomy(切开术)、circumcision;希腊侧取「切」

一词三形:short(本族古英语 scort)、shirt(本族 i-音变 scyrte)、skirt(古诺斯借形 skyrta)——三者都是「切短的衣摆/布片」。

同源旁证:德语 kurz「短」(经音变)、古诺斯 skyrta「衬衫/裙」。

词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS

short 是「切短」形容词;shirt/skirt 是「衣摆」名词的两条音变支线。

切短主干

*skurto-

「被切短的」

short(scort):短的

i-音变支线

skurtjō

「短衣摆」

shirt(scyrte):衬衫

古诺斯借形

skyrta

「裙/下摆」

skirt(ON 借入):裙子

音变小注 SOUND CHANGES

从 *sker- 到现代 short/shirt/skirt,关键语音变化。

①or → /ɔː/

古英语 scort 中的 or 在中世纪高化为 /ɔː/:scort → short /ʃɔːrt/。

②i-音变:shirt

scyrte 因后缀引发 i-音变,o 变 y/i:scort → scyrte → shirt /ʃɜːrt/(短衣摆)。

③sk- 保留:skirt

skirt 来自古诺斯 skyrta,保留 sk- 音(未像本族那样 sh-化):skirt /skɜːrt/。

④sh- 腭化

古英语 sc- 在前元音前腭化为 sh-:scort → short、scyrte → shirt。

形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY

short 为弱变化形容词;shirt/skirt 为同源名词。

切短形容词

*skurto-

OE scort

短衣摆(本族)

skurtjō

OE scyrte

短衣摆(北欧)

skyrta

ON skyrta

拼写演变 · 文献证据(据 OED Forms)

词干 古英语/诺斯 中古英语 现代
短(形) scort short short
短衣摆 scyrte shirt shirt
裙(借入) ON skyrta skyrte skirt

三个关键事实:① shirt 与 skirt 同源异形——一个是本族 i-音变,一个是古诺斯借形;② short 本义「被切短」,与 shear、score 同出 *sker-「切」;③ shorthand「速记」=短写法。

-age名词后缀:shortage(短缺)
-ly副词后缀:shortly(不久)
cut复合独立词:shortcut(捷径)、shortcoming(缺点)
hand复合独立词:shorthand(速记)

语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP

「切短」经引申分化为时间短、不足、捷径多条链。

被切短

OE

→

短(空间/时间)

OE

→

不足(shortage)

短→缺 · 15c
短(路径)

→

捷径(shortcut)

17c

→

缺点(shortcoming)

15c
习语:cut short「打断」· short of「缺少」· for short「简称」· in short「简言之」· short and sweet「简明扼要」。
short/ʃɔːrt/S 核心
scort

切短 / 短

古英语 scort「short」< PGmc *skurto- < *sker-「切」(古英语已见)

形 短的,矮的,不足的 副 简短地

衍

shortage n 短缺 shortly adv 不久 shortcut n 捷径 shortcoming n 缺点 shorthand n 速记 shortwave n 短波

▪ The dog had a short tail and long ears.
那条狗尾巴短、耳朵长。

▪ We only had a short time between the two meetings.
两场会议之间我们只有很短的时间。

▪ To make a long story short, we missed the train.
长话短说,我们没赶上火车。

▪ He cut his speech short when the bell rang.
铃一响,他就匆匆结束了讲话。

shortly/ˈʃɔːrtli/A
short-ly

不久 / 简略

short + -ly:副词化

副 不久,立刻,简略地

▪ The train will arrive shortly.
火车很快就到。

▪ She shortly explained the rules to the new students.
她向新生简略地讲了规则。

▪ Shortly after nine, the phone rang again.
九点刚过,电话又响了。

▪ He answered rather shortly and walked away.
他回答得相当简短,然后走开了。

shortage/ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ/A
short-age

短缺

short + -age:不足之量

名 不足,短缺,匮乏

▪ There is a serious shortage of fresh water in the region.
该地区淡水严重短缺。

▪ The factory closed because of a labor shortage.
工厂因劳动力短缺而关闭。

▪ A food shortage followed the long drought.
久旱之后出现了粮食短缺。

▪ The report warns of a growing energy shortage.
报告警告能源短缺日益严重。

shortcut/ˈʃɔːrtkʌt/A
shortcut

短切

short + cut:切短的路

名 捷径,近路;(电脑)快捷键

▪ We took a shortcut through the alley to save time.
我们抄小巷近路以节省时间。

▪ There is no shortcut to learning a language well.
学好一门语言没有捷径。

▪ Press this shortcut to save the document.
按这个快捷键保存文档。

▪ The children found a shortcut to the river.
孩子们找到一条去河边的近路。

shirt/ʃɜːrt/S 核心
scyrte

短衣摆

古英语 scyrte(scort 的 i-音变):短上衣

名 衬衫,汗衫

▪ He wore a clean white shirt to the interview.
他穿一件干净的白衬衫去面试。

▪ She ironed her husband’s shirt every morning.
她每天早上都给丈夫熨衬衫。

▪ The shirt has a small pocket on the left side.
这件衬衫左边有一个小口袋。

▪ He lost his shirt on the stock market.
他在股市上赔光了身家。

skirt/skɜːrt/A
skyrta

下摆 / 裙

古诺斯 skyrta:下摆;与本族 shirt 同源

名 裙子 动 绕开,位于…边缘

▪ She bought a long blue skirt for the party.
她为派对买了一条蓝色长裙。

▪ The road skirts the edge of the dark forest.
道路沿着黑森林的边缘蜿蜒。

▪ He carefully skirted the question of money.
他巧妙地绕开了钱的问题。

▪ The house sits on the skirt of the hill.
房子坐落在山脚下。

shortcoming/ˈʃɔːrtkʌmɪŋ/A
shortcoming

短到/缺欠

short + coming:「短到未达」=缺点

名 缺点,短处

▪ We should be honest about our own shortcomings.
我们应该坦诚面对自己的缺点。

▪ The report lists several shortcomings in the plan.
报告列出了这项计划的几处不足。

▪ Patience was his greatest shortcoming.
缺乏耐心是他最大的缺点。

▪ She accepted criticism about her shortcomings calmly.
她平静地接受了对自己短处的批评。

shorthand/ˈʃɔːrthænd/A
shorthand

短写

short + hand:简短写法=速记

名 速记;简略说法

▪ The secretary took the minutes in shorthand.
秘书用速记记录会议纪要。

▪ “AI” is a popular shorthand for artificial intelligence.
「AI」是人工智能的流行简称。

▪ She learned shorthand at business school.
她在商学院学过速记。

▪ The word is often used as a shorthand for the whole idea.
这个词常被用作整个概念的简称。

short circuit/ˈʃɔːrt ˈsɜːrkɪt/C
short

短路;漏电

古英语 short 家族:short(电流之短接)

名 短路;漏电

▪ The short circuit is widely used in this kind of work.
短路在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short circuit in a safe place after use.
用后请把短路放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short circuit to the entrance of the building.
团队把短路搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short circuit at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短路。

short list/ˈʃɔːrt lɪst/C
short

入围名单;候选名单

古英语 short 家族:short(精简之名册)

名 入围名单;候选名单

▪ The short list is widely used in this kind of work.
入围名单在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short list in a safe place after use.
用后请把入围名单放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short list to the entrance of the building.
团队把入围名单搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short list at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的入围名单。

short of/ˈʃɔːrt əv/C
short

缺少;不足;除非

古英语 short 家族:short(有所不足)

名 缺少;不足;除非

▪ The short of is widely used in this kind of work.
缺少在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short of in a safe place after use.
用后请把缺少放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short of to the entrance of the building.
团队把缺少搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short of at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缺少。

short story/ˈʃɔːrt ˈstɔːri/C
short

短篇小说

古英语 short 家族:short(短小之故事)

名 短篇小说

▪ The short story is widely used in this kind of work.
短篇小说在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short story in a safe place after use.
用后请把短篇小说放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short story to the entrance of the building.
团队把短篇小说搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short story at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短篇小说。

short term/ˈʃɔːrt tɜːrm/C
short

短期;短期的

古英语 short 家族:short(短之期限)

名 短期;短期的

▪ The short term is widely used in this kind of work.
短期在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short term in a safe place after use.
用后请把短期放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short term to the entrance of the building.
团队把短期搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short term at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短期。

short time/ˈʃɔːrt taɪm/C
short

短时间;缩短工时

古英语 short 家族:short(短暂之时)

名 短时间;缩短工时

▪ The short time is widely used in this kind of work.
短时间在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the short time in a safe place after use.
用后请把短时间放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the short time to the entrance of the building.
团队把短时间搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable short time at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短时间。

shorten/ˈʃɔːrtn/C
short

缩短;变短;减少

古英语 short 家族:short(使之短)

形 缩短;变短;减少

▪ The new rule will be shorten for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是缩短。

▪ They considered the plan shorten after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是缩短。

▪ The manager gave a shorten answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个缩短的答复。

▪ Every solution must be shorten before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是缩短的。

shorter/ˈʃɔːrtər/C
short

更短的(比较级)

古英语 short 家族:short(更短)

形 更短的(比较级)

▪ The new rule will be shorter for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是更短的。

▪ They considered the plan shorter after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是更短的。

▪ The manager gave a shorter answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个更短的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be shorter before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是更短的的。

shortest/ˈʃɔːrtɪst/C
short

最短的(最高级)

古英语 short 家族:short(最短)

形 最短的(最高级)

▪ The new rule will be shortest for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是最短的。

▪ They considered the plan shortest after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是最短的。

▪ The manager gave a shortest answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个最短的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be shortest before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是最短的的。

shortfall/ˈʃɔːrtfɔːl/C
short

缺口;差额;不足

古英语 short 家族:short(短缺之落差)

名 缺口;差额;不足

▪ The shortfall is widely used in this kind of work.
缺口在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the shortfall in a safe place after use.
用后请把缺口放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the shortfall to the entrance of the building.
团队把缺口搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable shortfall at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缺口。

shortness/ˈʃɔːrtnəs/C
short

短;短促;不足

古英语 short 家族:short(短之状态)

名 短;短促;不足

▪ The whole shortness took several hours to complete.
整个短过程花了好几个小时才完成。

▪ Proper shortness is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的短至关重要。

▪ The team studied the process of shortness with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了短的过程。

▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the shortness.
经理就短写了一份清晰的报告。

T-shirt/ˈtiːʃɜːrt/C
short

恤;短袖衫

古英语 short 家族:short(T 形之衫)

名 恤;短袖衫

▪ The T-shirt is widely used in this kind of work.
恤在这类工作中被广泛使用。

▪ Please keep the T-shirt in a safe place after use.
用后请把恤放在安全的地方。

▪ The team moved the T-shirt to the entrance of the building.
团队把恤搬到了大楼入口。

▪ You can find a reliable T-shirt at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的恤。

shortsighted/ˌʃɔːrtˈsaɪtɪd/C
short
sight
-ed

近视的;目光短浅的

古英语 short 家族:short + sight + -ed(近视的;目光短浅的)

形 近视的;目光短浅的

▪ The new rule will be shortsighted for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是近视的。

▪ They considered the plan shortsighted after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是近视的。

▪ The manager gave a shortsighted answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个近视的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be shortsighted before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是近视的的。

shortlived/ˌʃɔːrtˈlɪvd/C
short
lived 寿命

短暂的;昙花一现的

古英语 short 家族:short + lived 寿命(短暂的;昙花一现的)

形 短暂的;昙花一现的

▪ The new rule will be shortlived for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是短暂的。

▪ They considered the plan shortlived after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是短暂的。

▪ The manager gave a shortlived answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个短暂的的答复。

▪ Every solution must be shortlived before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是短暂的的。

一词三形 · short / shirt / skirt 的分道

三者都来自「切短的衣摆/布片」:short 走形容词路;shirt 是本族 i-音变(scort→scyrte);skirt 是维京时代从古诺斯 skyrta 借入的平行形。同一件衣服的两种叫法,因借入与音变而拆成两个词。

词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE

PIE *sker-(to cut)
│
└─ PGmc *skurto-(「切短」)
     ├─ OE scort ── short
     │    ├─ short+-ly ── shortly
     │    ├─ short+-age ── shortage
     │    ├─ short+cut ── shortcut
     │    ├─ short+coming ── shortcoming
     │    └─ short+hand ── shorthand
     ├─ OE scyrte(i-音变)── shirt(衬衫)
     └─ ON skyrta ── skirt(裙子,借入)

证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD

构拟 vs 文献

带星号 *sker-、*skurto- 是构拟形;scort、scyrte、skyrta 是手稿真实形式。

入英年代

short、shirt 本族 5 世纪入英;skirt 为维京时代(9–10c)古诺斯借词。

频率与地位

short 列现代书面英语前 1500;shirt、skirt 为 A 级常用词。

三重证据法:规律音变(sc→sh、i-音变 shirt)→ 跨语言同源对音(古诺斯 skyrta、拉丁 curtus)→ 书面文献年代,三者互证。

外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY

*sker-「切」是欧洲最能孳生的根之一,医学、学术词多由此出。

LATIN 拉丁

curtus → curt

curtus「切短」→ curt(唐突简短)、curtail(缩减)

GREEK 希腊

keirein → -tomy

keirein「切」→ -tomy(切开术)、epitome

shear / score

同为 *sker-「切」本族派:shear(剪)、score(刻痕→二十)

shortwave

「短波」,无线电波段名

skirt a problem

「绕开问题」=不正面处理

一屏速记 · 字根词卡(本族 22 词)
short/ʃɔːrt/
adj. 短的,矮的,不足的
源scort<*skurto-<*sker-
构short(切短)
链切短→短→不足
例cut short。
shortly/ˈʃɔːrtli/
adv. 不久,简略地
源short+-ly
构short(短)+-ly(副)
链短时内→不久
例arrive shortly。
shortage/ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ/
n. 不足,短缺
源short+-age
构short(缺)+-age(量)
链短缺之量→匮乏
例water shortage。
shortcut/ˈʃɔːrtkʌt/
n. 捷径;快捷键
源short+cut
构short(短)+cut(切)
链切短的路→捷径
例take a shortcut。
shirt/ʃɜːrt/
n. 衬衫
源scyrte(i-音变)
构shirt(短衣摆)
链短上衣→衬衫
例white shirt。
skirt/skɜːrt/
n. 裙子;v. 绕开
源ON skyrta
构skirt(下摆)
链衣摆→裙→绕边
例skirt the issue。
shortcoming/ˈʃɔːrtkʌmɪŋ/
n. 缺点,短处
源short+coming
构short(短)+coming(到)
链短到未达→缺点
例own shortcomings。
shorthand/ˈʃɔːrthænd/
n. 速记;简称
源short+hand
构short(简)+hand(写)
链简写法→速记/简称
例in shorthand。
short circuit/ˈʃɔːrt ˈsɜːrkɪt/
名 短路;漏电
源short
构short
链电流之短接
例The short circuit is widely used in this kind of work.

short list/ˈʃɔːrt lɪst/
名 入围名单;候选名单
源short
构short
链精简之名册
例The short list is widely used in this kind of work.

short of/ˈʃɔːrt əv/
名 缺少;不足;除非
源short
构short
链有所不足
例The short of is widely used in this kind of work.

short story/ˈʃɔːrt ˈstɔːri/
名 短篇小说
源short
构short
链短小之故事
例The short story is widely used in this kind of work.

short term/ˈʃɔːrt tɜːrm/
名 短期;短期的
源short
构short
链短之期限
例The short term is widely used in this kind of work.

short time/ˈʃɔːrt taɪm/
名 短时间;缩短工时
源short
构short
链短暂之时
例The short time is widely used in this kind of work.

shorten/ˈʃɔːrtn/
形 缩短;变短;减少
源short
构short
链使之短
例The new rule will be shorten for everyone in the group.

shorter/ˈʃɔːrtər/
形 更短的(比较级)
源short
构short
链更短
例The new rule will be shorter for everyone in the group.

shortest/ˈʃɔːrtɪst/
形 最短的(最高级)
源short
构short
链最短
例The new rule will be shortest for everyone in the group.

shortfall/ˈʃɔːrtfɔːl/
名 缺口;差额;不足
源short
构short
链短缺之落差
例The shortfall is widely used in this kind of work.

shortness/ˈʃɔːrtnəs/
名 短;短促;不足
源short
构short
链短之状态
例The whole shortness took several hours to complete.

T-shirt/ˈtiːʃɜːrt/
名 恤;短袖衫
源short
构short
链T 形之衫
例The T-shirt is widely used in this kind of work.

shortsighted/ˌʃɔːrtˈsaɪtɪd/
形 近视的;目光短浅的
源short + sight + -ed
构short + sight + -ed
例The new rule will be shortsighted for everyone in the group.

shortlived/ˌʃɔːrtˈlɪvd/
形 短暂的;昙花一现的
源short + lived 寿命
构short + lived 寿命
例The new rule will be shortlived for everyone in the group.

跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *sker-

同一个 PIE *sker-,本族取「切短」,拉丁/希腊取「切」:

N · 日耳曼本页 short/shirt/skirt
L · 拉丁 curtus(待补)
G · 希腊 keirein(待补)