LATIN ROOT · L011 · 拉丁字根
cid / cis切 · 杀 · 决断
PIE root *kae-id-(拉丁 caedere) 「to cut, strike」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
印欧「切/砍」在拉丁作 caedere;英语本族 cut/hew(日耳曼)另线,cid-/cis- 全是后世借词。
*kae-id- → Latin caedere「to cut」;完成分词 caesum/复合 -cidere
caed- / caes- / -cid-
decide · decision · precise · suicide · homicide · incise · cement · scissors(详见本页)
*kae-id- 在希腊支无公认对应
—G 篇待补
无希腊同源借词
英语本族 cut/hew(日耳曼)与 caedere 不同根
cutN 篇待补
英语 cut/hew 是本族,非 caedere 同族
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
caedō 是第三变位动词;英语词主要挂在分词词干 caes-(写作 cis-)与复合 -cid- 上。
PRESENT 现在词干
caed-
caedere/caedō|第三变位,连接元音 -e-
decide(dēcīdere「切断」)· incise(incīdere)
PERFECT 完成词干
cecid-
cecidī|重叠完成(cae-caed-)
拉丁完成时 cecidī「我切了」(现代英语不直接借此词干)
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
caes-
caesum/caesus|完成分词 -s-(写作 cis-)
precise(praecīsus)· concise(con-caesus)· decision · scissors
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 caedere 到现代英语各词,四次形态—语音调整。
①完成重叠 cecidī
caedere 完成重叠为 cecidī(cae-caed-);复合 -cidere 即此弱化。
②分词 -sus→-cis-
caesum/caesus→英语 -cis-:precise、concise、decision。
③复合 -cidere
dē-+caedere→dēcīdere、in-+caedere→incīdere、homo+caedere→-cidere:decide、incise、homicide。
④古法软音 c-
caesus→古法语 -cis-;caementum→cement;cisoria「切割工具」→scissors。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
caedō 是第三变位动词,重叠完成 cecidī 与分词 caesum 是英语两个词干。
现在 1sg
caedō
我切
现在不定式
caedere
to cut
完成 1sg
cecidī
我切了(重叠)
目的分词
caesum
to cut(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第三变位
| 人称 | 主动 | 被动 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | caedō | caedor | caed-ō |
| 2 sg | caedis | caederis | caed-is |
| 3 sg | caedit | caeditur | caed-it |
| 1 pl | caedimus | caedimur | caed-imus |
| 2 pl | caeditis | caediminī | caed-itis |
| 3 pl | caedunt | caeduntur | caed-unt |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| decide | dēcīdere(de-+caedere) | decider | 14 世纪 |
| precise | praecīsus(prae-+caedere) | — | 14 世纪 |
| suicide | suicidium(suī+caedere) | — | 17 世纪 |
| cement | caementum | ciment | 13 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① 完成 cecidī 是重叠完成(cae-caed-);② decide=dē-「离开」+caedere「切」=切断→决断;③ homicide/suicide/genocide=homo/suī/genus+caedere「杀」。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
caedere 的核心是「切」,由「切断」向「决断、精确、杀戮」引申。
→
→
→
→
→
简洁的,简明的(话少而意全)
1580s 拉丁 concīsus「切短、简略」,concīdere「切碎、切透」的完成分词,con-(彻底/一起)+caedere。
形 简洁的,简明的(话少而意全)
▪ She gave a concise summary.
她作了简明扼要的总结。
▪ The instructions are clear and concise.
说明简洁明了。
▪ He wrote a concise report.
他写了一份简明的报告。
▪ They prefer concise answers.
他们偏好简洁的回答。
决定;裁决,解决(争端)
late 14c. 古法 decider,拉丁 dēcīdere「决定」,字面「切断」,de-(off 离开)+caedere(切)。
动 决定;裁决,解决(争端)
▪ She decided to accept the offer.
她决定接受这个提议。
▪ They decided on a date for the wedding.
他们确定了婚礼日期。
▪ The court decided the dispute.
法院裁决了这起争端。
▪ He could not decide between the two.
他无法在两者之间作出决定。
决定,抉择;决断力
late 14c. 古法 decision,拉丁 dēcīsiōnem(dēcīsiō「切断、裁决」),dēcīdere 的 -io 名词。
名 决定,抉择;决断力
▪ It was a hard decision to make.
这是个艰难的决定。
▪ They made a quick decision.
他们迅速作出决定。
▪ She is a leader of strong decision.
她是一位果断的领导者。
▪ The final decision rests with the manager.
最终决定权在经理手中。
杀人(行为/罪);杀人者
early 13c. 古法 homicide,拉丁 homicīdium「杀人」(homo 人+-cīdium 杀的行为);施事 homicīda「凶手」。
名 杀人(行为/罪);杀人者
▪ The police investigated the homicide.
警方调查了这起杀人案。
▪ He was charged with homicide.
他被指控犯杀人罪。
▪ The city saw a rise in homicides.
这座城市的凶杀案有所上升。
▪ They ruled the death a homicide.
他们裁定这是一起他杀案。
精确的,准确的;严谨的
mid-15c. 古法 précis,拉丁 praecīsus「切断、截断、简略」,praecīdere「切短」,prae-(在前)+caedere。
形 精确的,准确的;严谨的
▪ She gave the precise measurements.
她给出了精确的尺寸。
▪ He is precise in every detail.
他对每个细节都一丝不苟。
▪ The clock keeps precise time.
这只钟走时精准。
▪ They need a precise answer.
他们需要确切的答案。
精确地;恰好,正是
late 14c. precise+-ly。
副 精确地;恰好,正是
▪ That is precisely the point.
那正是要点所在。
▪ The train arrived precisely at eight.
火车八点整准时到达。
▪ They knew precisely what to do.
他们完全清楚该做什么。
▪ She arrived precisely on time.
她准时准点到达。
剪刀
late 14c. sisoures/cisours,古法 cisoires,通俗拉丁 *cīsōria(复数)「切具」,来自 *cīsus(excīsus 等,caedere 分词干);sc- 是 16c 后加。
名 剪刀
▪ She cut the paper with scissors.
她用剪刀剪纸。
▪ The scissors are in the drawer.
剪刀在抽屉里。
▪ He sharpened the kitchen scissors.
他磨了厨房剪刀。
▪ They used small scissors for the thread.
他们用小剪刀剪线。
自杀;自杀者;自取灭亡
1651 法 suicide,近代拉丁 suīcīdium「自杀」,sui(自己的)+-cīdium(杀)。
名 自杀;自杀者;自取灭亡
▪ The sad story ended in suicide.
这个悲惨的故事以自杀告终。
▪ They worked to prevent teen suicide.
他们努力预防青少年自杀。
▪ The company called the scandal a suicide.
公司称这起丑闻是自取灭亡。
▪ He left a note before his suicide.
他在自杀前留下遗书。
水泥;胶结材料;粘结,巩固
14c. 古法 ciment,拉丁 caementum「采石场切下的粗石片、碎石」,caedere(切)+指物后缀。
名 水泥 动 胶结材料 动 粘结,巩固
▪ They poured cement for the path.
他们浇筑水泥铺路。
▪ The agreement cemented their friendship.
这项协议巩固了他们的友谊。
▪ She mixed cement to fix the wall.
她搅拌水泥修补墙壁。
▪ The firm cemented its market lead.
公司巩固了市场领先地位。
明显的,明确的;坚定的,果断的
1790 decide 的过去分词形容词。
形 明显的,明确的;坚定的,果断的
▪ She has a decided advantage.
她拥有明显的优势。
▪ He was quite decided about leaving.
他对离开一事十分坚决。
▪ There was a decided chill in the air.
空气中明显带着寒意。
▪ They took a decided stand.
他们采取了明确的立场。
决定性的;果断的,坚决的
14c. 中世纪拉丁 decisivus,dēcīs-(dēcīdere 分词干)+-ivus。
形 决定性的;果断的,坚决的
▪ She gave a decisive answer.
她给出了果断的回答。
▪ The battle was decisive.
这场战斗具有决定性。
▪ He is calm and decisive under pressure.
他在压力下冷静而果断。
▪ They reached a decisive victory.
他们取得了决定性的胜利。
种族灭绝,大屠杀
1944 波兰法学家 R. Lemkin 造词,希腊 génos(种族/民族)+-cide(杀);1948 联合国定名。
名 种族灭绝,大屠杀
▪ They worked to prevent genocide.
他们努力防止种族灭绝。
▪ The trial charged leaders with genocide.
审判以种族灭绝罪起诉领导人。
▪ The book describes a terrible genocide.
这本书描述了一场可怕的大屠杀。
▪ They swore never to forget the genocide.
他们发誓永不忘记这场大屠杀。
切入,雕刻;(河流)下切
1540s 法 inciser,古法 enciser,拉丁 incīsus,incīdere「切入、雕刻」,in-(进入)+caedere。
动 切入,雕刻;(河流)下切
▪ The artist incised lines into the stone.
艺术家在石头上刻出线条。
▪ They incised the date on the metal.
他们把日期刻在金属上。
▪ The river incised a deep valley.
河流下切出一条深谷。
▪ She incised her initials on the bench.
她把姓名首字母刻在长椅上。
尖锐深刻的,一针见血的;锐利的
1852(思想敏锐义),中世纪拉丁 incisivus,incīsus+-ivus。
形 尖锐深刻的,一针见血的;锐利的
▪ She made an incisive remark.
她作了一针见血的评论。
▪ The lawyer asked an incisive question.
律师提出一个尖锐深刻的问题。
▪ His incisive analysis impressed them.
他锐利的分析给他们留下深刻印象。
▪ They admired her incisive mind.
他们钦佩她敏锐的头脑。
杀虫剂,杀虫药
1865 insect(昆虫)+-cide(杀),仿 homicide 的现代造词。
名 杀虫剂,杀虫药
▪ They sprayed insecticide on the crops.
他们给庄稼喷洒杀虫剂。
▪ The insecticide killed the mosquitoes.
杀虫剂杀死了蚊子。
▪ She chose a safe insecticide.
她选了一种安全的杀虫剂。
▪ They stored the insecticide away from food.
他们把杀虫剂存放在远离食物的地方。
杀虫剂,农药(总称)
1925 pest(害虫/瘟疫)+-cide。
名 杀虫剂,农药(总称)
▪ The farmer used pesticide on the field.
农民在田里使用农药。
▪ They banned the harmful pesticide.
他们禁用了这种有害农药。
▪ pesticide can harm beneficial bees.
农药会伤害有益的蜜蜂。
▪ She washed fruit to remove pesticide.
她清洗水果以去除农药残留。
精确(性),精密;严谨
1740s(法语 précision),拉丁 praecīsiōnem,praecīdere 的 -io 名词。
名 精确(性),精密;严谨
▪ The machine works with great precision.
这台机器运转极为精密。
▪ They measured the parts with precision.
他们精确地测量零件。
▪ She spoke with precision and care.
她说话严谨而审慎。
▪ The job demands high precision.
这项工作要求高精度。
自杀的;自取灭亡的,毁灭性的
suicide+-al,18c.。
形 自杀的;自取灭亡的,毁灭性的
▪ The patient showed suicidal signs.
病人表现出自杀倾向。
▪ They called a crisis line for suicidal thoughts.
他们因自杀念头拨打了危机热线。
▪ The reckless plan seemed suicidal.
这个鲁莽的计划简直是自取灭亡。
▪ He got help for his suicidal mood.
他因自杀情绪寻求了帮助。
未决定的;(胜负)未定的;犹豫的
16c. un-+decided。
形 未决定的;(胜负)未定的;犹豫的
▪ She is still undecided about the job.
她仍未决定是否接受这份工作。
▪ The election result remains undecided.
选举结果仍未见分晓。
▪ They left the question undecided.
他们把这个问题搁置未决。
▪ He remained undecided until the last minute.
他直到最后一刻仍犹豫不决。
-ly。
明显地,确实;断然地
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:decided + -ly。
副 明显地,确实;断然地
▪ The team decidedly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前明显地完成了任务。
▪ She decidedly checked the results and then signed the form.
她明显地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were decidedly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被明显地修改了。
▪ He spoke decidedly so that everyone could understand.
他明显地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
-ly。
决定性地;果断地
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:decisive + -ly。
副 决定性地;果断地
▪ The team decisively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前决定性地完成了任务。
▪ She decisively checked the results and then signed the form.
她决定性地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were decisively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被决定性地修改了。
▪ He spoke decisively so that everyone could understand.
他决定性地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
decision。
犹豫不决,优柔寡断
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:18c. 法 indécision,in- + decision。
名 犹豫不决,优柔寡断
▪ The whole indecision took several hours to complete.
整个犹豫不决过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper indecision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的犹豫不决至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of indecision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了犹豫不决的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the indecision.
经理就犹豫不决写了一份清晰的报告。
decisive。
优柔寡断的;非决定性的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:1720s in- + decisive。
形 优柔寡断的;非决定性的
▪ The new rule will be indecisive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是优柔寡断的。
▪ They considered the plan indecisive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是优柔寡断的。
▪ The manager gave a indecisive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个优柔寡断的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be indecisive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是优柔寡断的的。
-al
杀人的,有杀人倾向的;凶残的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:1725 homicide + -al
形 杀人的,有杀人倾向的;凶残的
▪ The new rule will be homicidal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是杀人的。
▪ They considered the plan homicidal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是杀人的。
▪ The manager gave a homicidal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个杀人的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be homicidal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是杀人的的。
-al,20c.。
种族灭绝的;大规模屠杀的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:genocide + -al,20c.。
形 种族灭绝的;大规模屠杀的
▪ The new rule will be genocidal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是种族灭绝的。
▪ They considered the plan genocidal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是种族灭绝的。
▪ The manager gave a genocidal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个种族灭绝的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be genocidal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是种族灭绝的的。
-cīdium/-cīda。
弑君(罪);弑君者
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:16c. 拉丁 rēx + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 弑君(罪);弑君者
▪ The regicide is widely used in this kind of work.
弑君在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the regicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把弑君放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the regicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把弑君搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable regicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的弑君。
-cīdium/-cīda。
杀父(罪);杀父者
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:16c. 拉丁 pater + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 杀父(罪);杀父者
▪ The patricide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀父在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the patricide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀父放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the patricide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀父搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable patricide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀父。
杀父母(或近亲)者;弑亲罪;叛国
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 杀父母(或近亲)者;弑亲罪;叛国
▪ The parricide arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位杀父母者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained parricide knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的杀父母者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced parricide for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的杀父母者。
▪ The parricide answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,杀父母者回答了记者的提问。
-cīdium/-cīda。
杀兄弟(罪/者);自相残杀;(军)误击友军
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:15c. 拉丁 frāter + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 杀兄弟(罪/者);自相残杀;(军)误击友军
▪ The fratricide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀兄弟在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the fratricide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀兄弟放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the fratricide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀兄弟搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable fratricide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀兄弟。
-cīdium/-cīda。
杀婴(罪);杀婴者
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:17c. 拉丁 īnfāns + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 杀婴(罪);杀婴者
▪ The infanticide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀婴在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the infanticide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀婴放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the infanticide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀婴搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable infanticide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀婴。
-cide。
杀胎,堕胎(法律/医学用语)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. fetus + -cide。
名 杀胎,堕胎(法律/医学用语)
▪ The feticide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀胎在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the feticide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀胎放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the feticide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀胎搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable feticide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀胎。
-cide。
杀子女(罪/者)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:17c. 拉丁 fīlius + -cide。
名 杀子女(罪/者)
▪ The filicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀子女在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the filicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀子女放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the filicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀子女搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable filicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀子女。
-cīdium/-cīda。
杀妻(罪/者)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. 拉丁 uxor + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 杀妻(罪/者)
▪ The uxoricide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀妻在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the uxoricide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀妻放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the uxoricide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀妻搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable uxoricide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀妻。
-cīdium/-cīda。
诛弑暴君(者);诛杀暴君
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:17c. 拉丁 tyrannus + -cīdium/-cīda。
名 诛弑暴君(者);诛杀暴君
▪ The tyrannicide is widely used in this kind of work.
诛弑暴君在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the tyrannicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把诛弑暴君放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the tyrannicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把诛弑暴君搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable tyrannicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的诛弑暴君。
-cide。
除草剂
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. herb + -cide。
名 除草剂
▪ The herbicide is widely used in this kind of work.
除草剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the herbicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把除草剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the herbicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把除草剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable herbicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的除草剂。
-cide。
杀真菌剂
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. fungi/fungus + -cide。
名 杀真菌剂
▪ The fungicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀真菌剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the fungicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀真菌剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the fungicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀真菌剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable fungicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀真菌剂。
-cide。
杀菌剂,消毒剂
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. germ + -cide。
名 杀菌剂,消毒剂
▪ The germicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀菌剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the germicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀菌剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the germicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀菌剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable germicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀菌剂。
-cide。
杀菌剂,杀细菌剂
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. bacteria/bacterium + -cide。
名 杀菌剂,杀细菌剂
▪ The bactericide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀菌剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the bactericide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀菌剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the bactericide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀菌剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable bactericide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀菌剂。
-cide。
杀精剂(避孕用)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:20c. sperm + -cide。
名 杀精剂(避孕用)
▪ The spermicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀精剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the spermicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀精剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the spermicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀精剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable spermicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀精剂。
-cide。
杀蠕虫药,驱虫药
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:19c. vermi- + -cide。
名 杀蠕虫药,驱虫药
▪ The vermicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀蠕虫药在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the vermicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀蠕虫药放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the vermicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀蠕虫药搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable vermicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀蠕虫药。
-cide。
杀病毒剂
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:20c. viru + -cide。
名 杀病毒剂
▪ The virucide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀病毒剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the virucide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀病毒剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the virucide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀病毒剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable virucide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀病毒剂。
-cide。
杀幼虫剂(尤指灭孑孓)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:20c. larva + -cide。
名 杀幼虫剂(尤指灭孑孓)
▪ The larvicide is widely used in this kind of work.
杀幼虫剂在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the larvicide in a safe place after use.
用后请把杀幼虫剂放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the larvicide to the entrance of the building.
团队把杀幼虫剂搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable larvicide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的杀幼虫剂。
-cide。
杀生剂;生物杀灭;(环保)对生命的毁灭
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:20c. bio- + -cide。
名 杀生剂;生物杀灭;(环保)对生命的毁灭
▪ The biocide arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位杀生剂比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained biocide knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的杀生剂知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced biocide for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的杀生剂。
▪ The biocide answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,杀生剂回答了记者的提问。
-cide,仿 genocide;环保运动高频。
生态灭绝,环境破坏(罪)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:1969 eco- + -cide,仿 genocide;环保运动高频。
名 生态灭绝,环境破坏(罪)
▪ The ecocide is widely used in this kind of work.
生态灭绝在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the ecocide in a safe place after use.
用后请把生态灭绝放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the ecocide to the entrance of the building.
团队把生态灭绝搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable ecocide at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的生态灭绝。
-ly。
简洁地,简明地
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:concise + -ly。
副 简洁地,简明地
▪ The team concisely finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前简洁地完成了任务。
▪ She concisely checked the results and then signed the form.
她简洁地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were concisely changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被简洁地修改了。
▪ He spoke concisely so that everyone could understand.
他简洁地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
简洁,简明(文体)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 简洁,简明(文体)
▪ The whole concision took several hours to complete.
整个简洁过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper concision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的简洁至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of concision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了简洁的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the concision.
经理就简洁写了一份清晰的报告。
precise;更早有 unprecise
不精确的,不准确的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:1804 in- + precise;更早有 unprecise
形 不精确的,不准确的
▪ The new rule will be imprecise for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是不精确的。
▪ They considered the plan imprecise after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是不精确的。
▪ The manager gave a imprecise answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个不精确的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be imprecise before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是不精确的的。
precision
不精确,不准确;含糊
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:18c. im- + precision
名 不精确,不准确;含糊
▪ The whole imprecision took several hours to complete.
整个不精确过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper imprecision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的不精确至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of imprecision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了不精确的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the imprecision.
经理就不精确写了一份清晰的报告。
摘要,概要,大意
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 摘要,概要,大意
▪ The precis is widely used in this kind of work.
摘要在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the precis in a safe place after use.
用后请把摘要放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the precis to the entrance of the building.
团队把摘要搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable precis at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的摘要。
-ed,16c.。
雕刻的,切入的;(叶缘)锐裂的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:incise + -ed,16c.。
形 雕刻的,切入的;(叶缘)锐裂的
▪ The new rule will be incised for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是雕刻的。
▪ They considered the plan incised after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是雕刻的。
▪ The manager gave a incised answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个雕刻的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be incised before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是雕刻的的。
切口,切痕;切开(手术);雕刻
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 切口,切痕;切开(手术);雕刻
▪ The whole incision took several hours to complete.
整个切口过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper incision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的切口至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of incision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了切口的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the incision.
经理就切口写了一份清晰的报告。
-ly。
尖锐地,一针见血地
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:incisive + -ly。
副 尖锐地,一针见血地
▪ The team incisively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前尖锐地完成了任务。
▪ She incisively checked the results and then signed the form.
她尖锐地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were incisively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被尖锐地修改了。
▪ He spoke incisively so that everyone could understand.
他尖锐地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
门牙,切牙
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 门牙,切牙
▪ The incisor is widely used in this kind of work.
门牙在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the incisor in a safe place after use.
用后请把门牙放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the incisor to the entrance of the building.
团队把门牙搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable incisor at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的门牙。
切除,割去;删去(文字)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:caedere。
动 切除,割去;删去(文字)
▪ The manager decided to excise the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前切除这个问题。
▪ She will excise the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去切除这项任务。
▪ They need to excise the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要切除这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to excise the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就切除了计划。
切除(术);删除,根除
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 切除(术);删除,根除
▪ The whole excision took several hours to complete.
整个切除过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper excision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的切除至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of excision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了切除的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the excision.
经理就切除写了一份清晰的报告。
行割礼,环切(包皮)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:caedere。
动 行割礼,环切(包皮)
▪ The manager decided to circumcise the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前行割礼这个问题。
▪ She will circumcise the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去行割礼这项任务。
▪ They need to circumcise the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要行割礼这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to circumcise the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就行割礼了计划。
割礼,环切(术)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 割礼,环切(术)
▪ The whole circumcision took several hours to complete.
整个割礼过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper circumcision is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的割礼至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of circumcision with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了割礼的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the circumcision.
经理就割礼写了一份清晰的报告。
用剪刀剪;剪式(动作)
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 用剪刀剪;剪式(动作)
▪ The scissor is widely used in this kind of work.
用剪刀剪在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the scissor in a safe place after use.
用后请把用剪刀剪放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the scissor to the entrance of the building.
团队把用剪刀剪搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable scissor at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的用剪刀剪。
凿子,錾子;凿,雕;(俚)诈骗
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:cid/cis
名 凿子,錾子;凿,雕;(俚)诈骗
▪ The chisel is widely used in this kind of work.
凿子在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the chisel in a safe place after use.
用后请把凿子放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the chisel to the entrance of the building.
团队把凿子搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable chisel at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的凿子。
(诗行中的)停顿,音顿
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:-ūra。
名 (诗行中的)停顿,音顿
▪ The caesura is widely used in this kind of work.
停顿在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the caesura in a safe place after use.
用后请把停顿放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the caesura to the entrance of the building.
团队把停顿搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable caesura at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的停顿。
al
杀真菌的
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:fungicid + al
形 杀真菌的
▪ The new rule will be fungicidal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是杀真菌的。
▪ They considered the plan fungicidal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是杀真菌的。
▪ The manager gave a fungicidal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个杀真菌的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be fungicidal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是杀真菌的的。
决策;制定决定
拉丁词根 cid/cis 派生:caedere
名 决策;制定决定
衍
decide(v)=决定
▪ The whole decision-making took several hours to complete.
整个决策过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper decision-making is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的决策至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of decision-making with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了决策的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the decision-making.
经理就决策写了一份清晰的报告。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
注意:cid/cis 与 cad/cas 不同根
cid/cis(caedere「切」)与 cad/cas(cadere「落」)拼写相近但不同根:decide 是「切」,accident 是「落」。勿把 decide 的 -cid- 当成 cadere。
cement 与「切」
拉丁 caementum「建筑用粗石/毛石」,本义疑为「砍凿下来的石块」;故 cement「水泥」由「切下的石料」引申。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *kae-id-(to cut, strike)
│
├─ 拉丁 caedō · caedere · cecidī · caesum(第三变位,重叠完成)
│ ├─ 现在词干 caed-/复合 -cidere:decide · incise · homicide · suicide · genocide · insecticide
│ └─ 分词词干 caes-(cis-):precise · concise · decision · precision · scissors
│
├─ 希腊:*kae-id- 无公认对应
│
└─ 日耳曼:英语 cut/hew(本族,不同根)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 cid-/cis- 同根,以重叠完成与 -cidere 复合为决定性证据。
三词干
caed-/cecid-/caes- 同根;-cidere 由前缀+caedere 推出。
caesum→-cis- / -cidere
分词 -sus→-cis-;复合 -cid-。
19 词闭环
本页 19 词都由 caed-/caes-/-cid- 加 -ion/-cide/-ise 或复合生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
N · 日耳曼 cut/hew(本族)
cut
英语 cut/hew 语义对应 caedere,词源不同根
高阶拉丁 · -cid-
cid-
insecticide「杀虫剂」· pesticide「农药」· genocide「种族灭绝」
一屏速记 · 62 词
形 简洁的,简明的(话少而意全)
构con- / cise
例She gave a concise summary
动 决定;裁决,解决(争端)
构de- / cide
例She decided to accept the offer
名 决定,抉择;决断力
构de- / cis / -ion
例It was a hard decision to make
名 杀人(行为/罪);杀人者
构homi / cide
例The police investigated the homicide
形 精确的,准确的;严谨的
构pre- / cise
例She gave the precise measurements
副 精确地;恰好,正是
构pre- / cise / -ly
例That is precisely the point
名 剪刀
构cis / -oria
例She cut the paper with scissors
名 自杀;自杀者;自取灭亡
构sui / cide
例The sad story ended in suicide
名 水泥;动 胶结材料;动 粘结,巩固
构caem / -ment
例They poured cement for the path
形 明显的,明确的;坚定的,果断的
构de- / cid / -ed
例She has a decided advantage
形 决定性的;果断的,坚决的
构de- / cis / -ive
例She gave a decisive answer
名 种族灭绝,大屠杀
构geno / cide
例They worked to prevent genocide
动 切入,雕刻;(河流)下切
构in- / cise
例The artist incised lines into the stone
形 尖锐深刻的,一针见血的;锐利的
构in- / cis / -ive
例She made an incisive remark
名 杀虫剂,杀虫药
构insect / i / cide
例They sprayed insecticide on the crops
名 杀虫剂,农药(总称)
构pest / i / cide
例The farmer used pesticide on the field
名 精确(性),精密;严谨
构pre- / cis / -ion
例The machine works with great precision
形 自杀的;自取灭亡的,毁灭性的
构sui / cid / -al
例The patient showed suicidal signs
形 未决定的;(胜负)未定的;犹豫的
构un- / decided
例She is still undecided about the job
副 明显地,确实;断然地
源decided + -ly。
构decided + -ly。
例The team decidedly finished the task before the deadline.
副 决定性地;果断地
源decisive + -ly。
构decisive + -ly。
例The team decisively finished the task before the deadline.
名 犹豫不决,优柔寡断
源18c. 法 indécision,in- + decision。
构18c. 法 indécision,in- + decision。
例The whole indecision took several hours to complete.
形 优柔寡断的;非决定性的
源1720s in- + decisive。
构1720s in- + decisive。
例The new rule will be indecisive for everyone in the group.
形 杀人的,有杀人倾向的;凶残的
源1725 homicide + -al
构1725 homicide + -al
例The new rule will be homicidal for everyone in the group.
形 种族灭绝的;大规模屠杀的
源genocide + -al,20c.。
构genocide + -al,20c.。
例The new rule will be genocidal for everyone in the group.
名 弑君(罪);弑君者
源16c. 拉丁 rēx + -cīdium/-cīda。
构16c. 拉丁 rēx + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The regicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀父(罪);杀父者
源16c. 拉丁 pater + -cīdium/-cīda。
构16c. 拉丁 pater + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The patricide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀父母(或近亲)者;弑亲罪;叛国
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The parricide arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 杀兄弟(罪/者);自相残杀;(军)误击友军
源15c. 拉丁 frāter + -cīdium/-cīda。
构15c. 拉丁 frāter + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The fratricide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀婴(罪);杀婴者
源17c. 拉丁 īnfāns + -cīdium/-cīda。
构17c. 拉丁 īnfāns + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The infanticide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀胎,堕胎(法律/医学用语)
源19c. fetus + -cide。
构19c. fetus + -cide。
例The feticide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀子女(罪/者)
源17c. 拉丁 fīlius + -cide。
构17c. 拉丁 fīlius + -cide。
例The filicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀妻(罪/者)
源19c. 拉丁 uxor + -cīdium/-cīda。
构19c. 拉丁 uxor + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The uxoricide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 诛弑暴君(者);诛杀暴君
源17c. 拉丁 tyrannus + -cīdium/-cīda。
构17c. 拉丁 tyrannus + -cīdium/-cīda。
例The tyrannicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 除草剂
源19c. herb + -cide。
构19c. herb + -cide。
例The herbicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀真菌剂
源19c. fungi/fungus + -cide。
构19c. fungi/fungus + -cide。
例The fungicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀菌剂,消毒剂
源19c. germ + -cide。
构19c. germ + -cide。
例The germicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀菌剂,杀细菌剂
源19c. bacteria/bacterium + -cide。
构19c. bacteria/bacterium + -cide。
例The bactericide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀精剂(避孕用)
源20c. sperm + -cide。
构20c. sperm + -cide。
例The spermicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀蠕虫药,驱虫药
源19c. vermi- + -cide。
构19c. vermi- + -cide。
例The vermicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀病毒剂
源20c. viru + -cide。
构20c. viru + -cide。
例The virucide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀幼虫剂(尤指灭孑孓)
源20c. larva + -cide。
构20c. larva + -cide。
例The larvicide is widely used in this kind of work.
名 杀生剂;生物杀灭;(环保)对生命的毁灭
源20c. bio- + -cide。
构20c. bio- + -cide。
例The biocide arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 生态灭绝,环境破坏(罪)
源1969 eco- + -cide,仿 genocide;环保运动高频。
构1969 eco- + -cide,仿 genocide;环保运动高频。
例The ecocide is widely used in this kind of work.
副 简洁地,简明地
源concise + -ly。
构concise + -ly。
例The team concisely finished the task before the deadline.
名 简洁,简明(文体)
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The whole concision took several hours to complete.
形 不精确的,不准确的
源1804 in- + precise;更早有 unprecise
构1804 in- + precise;更早有 unprecise
例The new rule will be imprecise for everyone in the group.
名 不精确,不准确;含糊
源18c. im- + precision
构18c. im- + precision
例The whole imprecision took several hours to complete.
名 摘要,概要,大意
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The precis is widely used in this kind of work.
形 雕刻的,切入的;(叶缘)锐裂的
源incise + -ed,16c.。
构incise + -ed,16c.。
例The new rule will be incised for everyone in the group.
名 切口,切痕;切开(手术);雕刻
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The whole incision took several hours to complete.
副 尖锐地,一针见血地
源incisive + -ly。
构incisive + -ly。
例The team incisively finished the task before the deadline.
名 门牙,切牙
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The incisor is widely used in this kind of work.
动 切除,割去;删去(文字)
源caedere。
构caedere。
例The manager decided to excise the problem before the meeting.
名 切除(术);删除,根除
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The whole excision took several hours to complete.
动 行割礼,环切(包皮)
源caedere。
构caedere。
例The manager decided to circumcise the problem before the meeting.
名 割礼,环切(术)
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The whole circumcision took several hours to complete.
名 用剪刀剪;剪式(动作)
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The scissor is widely used in this kind of work.
名 凿子,錾子;凿,雕;(俚)诈骗
源cid/cis
构cid/cis
例The chisel is widely used in this kind of work.
名 (诗行中的)停顿,音顿
源-ūra。
构-ūra。
例The caesura is widely used in this kind of work.
形 杀真菌的
源fungicid + al
构fungicid + al
例The new rule will be fungicidal for everyone in the group.
名 决策;制定决定
源caedere
构caedere
例The whole decision-making took several hours to complete.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
cid/cis 在三条线上的对应字根(点击可跳转)。
G 篇待补
N 篇待补 · cut/hew(本族,不同源)

