LATIN ROOT · L041 · 拉丁字根
here / hes黏附 · 坚持
PIE root *ghais-(一说 *ghī-) 「to adhere, stick」(语源存疑)
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧「黏附」根,在拉丁一枝规则发展出现在词干 haer- 与完成分词词干 haes-;英语词全是后世借词。
*ghais- → Latin haerēre「to stick, cling」;完成分词 haesus
haerē / haes-
adhere · cohere · hesitate · inherent · coherent(详见本页)
与希腊语暂无可靠同形(存疑)
—G 篇待补
希腊语对应形未确证,不硬挂
日耳曼语族无可靠继承形
—N 篇待补
英语本族无同源词;本根为纯拉丁借词
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
拉丁动词 haerēre 靠现在词干 haer- 与完成分词词干 haes- 分担形态;英语借词正挂在这两枝上。
PRESENT 现在词干
haer-
haerēre|第二变位,连接元音 -ē-
adhere(ad- 黏上)· cohere(co- 黏一起)· inherent(in- 黏在其中)
PERFECT 完成词干
haes-
haesī|完成时词干同分词词干,无 -v-
拉丁完成时:haesī「我黏住了」(英语不直接借)
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
haes-
haesum / haesus|完成分词后缀 -s-
hesitate(haesitāre 反复「黏住不动」)· hesitant
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 haerēre 到英语各词,四次关键的形态—语音调整。
①ae 单元音化为 /ɪ/
拉丁 haer- 在非重读音节、经古法语弱化,双元音 ae 归并,英语 adhere /ədˈhɪr/、cohere /koʊˈhɪr/ 用 -her- 读 /hɪr/。
②完成分词 -s- 保留为 -hes-
完成分词 haesus 的 -s- 在反复动词 haesitāre 中保留,英语 hesitate /ˈhezɪteɪt/ 用 -hes-;对照现在词干的 -her-。
③词尾 -re / -um 脱落
拉丁动词不定式 -re、分词 -um 入英脱落:haerēre→adhere、haesum→无直接名词;前缀 ad- 在 h- 前保留 /əd/。
④in- 与 co- 的拼写
前缀 inhaerēre→inherent(in- 在 h 前不变 in-);cohaerēre→cohere(co- 后 h 保留但词内弱化)。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
haerēre 是第二变位动词;英语 hesitate 来自其反复形 haesitāre,而非直接借自 haerēre。
现在 1sg
haereō
我黏附
现在不定式
haerēre
to stick
完成 1sg
haesī
我黏住了
目的分词
haesum
黏住(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第二变位(连接元音 -ē-)
| 人称 | 主动 | 被动 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | haereō | haereor | haer-e-ō |
| 2 sg | haerēs | haerēris | haer-ēs |
| 3 sg | haeret | haētur | haer-et |
| 1 pl | haerēmus | haerēmur | haer-ē-mus |
| 2 pl | haarētis | haerēminī | haer-ē-tis |
| 3 pl | haerent | haerentur | haer-ent |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| adhere | adhaerēre | adhérer | 16 世纪 |
| cohere | cohaerēre | — | 16 世纪(直接拉丁) |
| hesitate | haesitāre(反复) | — | 17 世纪 |
| inherent | inhaerēns(现在分词) | — | 16 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① 现在词干 haer- 与分词词干 haes- 同根异形,英语据此分成 -her- 与 -hes- 两族;② hesitate 是反复动词 haesitāre「频频黏住不动」→ 犹豫;③ inherent 是现在分词 inhaerēns「黏在其中」→ 内在的。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
haerēre 核心是「黏住、贴附」,由物理黏附向「前后一贯、迟疑不动」三条线引申。
→
→
→
→
→
→
类型学验证 · 「黏住 → 犹豫」
「黏住不动」演化为「迟疑」,是跨语言常见路径:汉语「卡住、顿住」同此;而「黏在一起 → 连贯」对应汉语「联贯、衔接」。
向 / 黏到…上去。 / haerere 黏
1590s 法 adhérer/拉丁 adhaerare「黏向、依附」=ad-(向)+haerere「黏」。
动 黏附;附着;坚持;遵守
▪ The label will not adhere to a wet surface.
标签在潮湿表面上粘不住。
▪ Members must adhere to the code of conduct.
成员必须遵守行为准则。
▪ She firmly adheres to her principles.
她坚定地坚守自己的原则。
▪ The skin adheres tightly to the bone.
皮肤紧贴着骨头。
一起 / 黏在一起的。 / 黏
1550s 法 cohérent<拉丁 cohaerentem(cohaerere「黏在一起」的现在分词)=co-+haerere。
a. 连贯的;有条理的;一致的;黏合的
▪ The essay presents a clear and coherent argument.
这篇文章提出了清晰而连贯的论点。
▪ After the shock, he could not give a coherent reply.
震惊过后,他说不出一句连贯的话。
▪ We need a coherent plan, not random ideas.
我们需要一个条理分明的计划,而不是零散的想法。
▪ The two pieces of evidence are not coherent with each other.
这两份证据相互之间并不一致。
haesus 黏 / 一再黏住、迈不动。 / 反复
1620s 拉丁 haesitatus(haesitare「黏牢、卡住;说话结巴;犹豫」的分词),haesitare 是 haerere「黏」的反复体。
动 犹豫;踌躇;迟疑;(说话)结巴
▪ Do not hesitate to call if you need help.
如果需要帮助,请尽管打电话。
▪ She hesitated before opening the door.
开门前她犹豫了一下。
▪ He hesitated over the difficult question.
面对这个难题他迟疑不决。
▪ I hesitate to say how much the repair will cost.
我不太好说维修要花多少钱。
在内 / 黏附在内部的。 / 黏
1570s 拉丁 inhaerentem(inhaerere「黏在里面」的现在分词)=in-(内)+haerere(黏)。
a. 内在的;固有的;与生俱来的
▪ Risk is inherent in any new business.
风险是任何新生意所固有的。
▪ She has an inherent sense of rhythm.
她天生就有节奏感。
▪ The design respects the inherent weaknesses of the material.
该设计考虑到了这种材料天生的弱点。
▪ There is an inherent contradiction in his argument.
他的论证中存在一种内在的矛盾。
一起 / 黏到一起。 / 黏
1590s 拉丁 cohaerere「黏在一起、前后一致」=co-/com-(一起)+haerere(黏);字面黏合义 1610s。
动 黏合;连贯;一致;凝聚
▪ The two halves of the story cohere nicely.
这个故事的前后两部分衔接得很好。
▪ Wet sand coheres into a firm shape.
湿沙能凝结成坚固的形状。
▪ Their views do not cohere on this issue.
在这个问题上他们的观点并不一致。
▪ The team cohered after months of working together.
共事数月后,团队凝聚在了一起。
卡住 / 一再黏住不前
c.1400 古法 hesitacion/拉丁 haesitationem<haesitare(黏住、结巴、犹豫)。
名 犹豫;迟疑;停顿;支吾
▪ She agreed without a moment of hesitation.
她毫不犹豫地答应了。
▪ There was a slight hesitation in his voice.
他的声音里有一丝迟疑。
▪ After some hesitation, he opened the letter.
犹豫了一阵之后,他拆开了信。
▪ Please answer the question without hesitation.
请毫不犹豫地回答这个问题。
不 / 没黏在一起的。 / 一起 / 黏
1620s in-(否定)+coherent(连贯的)。
a. 不连贯的;语无伦次的;松散的
▪ He was drunk and gave an incoherent speech.
他喝醉了,讲话语无伦次。
▪ The report is full of incoherent ideas.
这份报告充斥着不连贯的想法。
▪ The patient became feverish and incoherent.
病人发起高烧,说话都颠三倒四。
▪ The essay felt incoherent and poorly organized.
这篇文章显得松散杂乱、组织不当。
黏附;坚持;遵守;依附
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 黏附;坚持;遵守;依附
▪ The whole adherence took several hours to complete.
整个黏附过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper adherence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的黏附至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of adherence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了黏附的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the adherence.
经理就黏附写了一份清晰的报告。
黏着的;依附的;支持者,信徒
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
形 黏着的;依附的;支持者,信徒
▪ The new rule will be adherent for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是黏着的。
▪ They considered the plan adherent after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是黏着的。
▪ The manager gave a adherent answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个黏着的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be adherent before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是黏着的的。
连贯性;一致性;凝聚力
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 连贯性;一致性;凝聚力
▪ The whole coherence took several hours to complete.
整个连贯性过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper coherence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的连贯性至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of coherence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了连贯性的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the coherence.
经理就连贯性写了一份清晰的报告。
不连贯;无条理;语无伦次
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 不连贯;无条理;语无伦次
▪ The whole incoherence took several hours to complete.
整个不连贯过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper incoherence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的不连贯至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of incoherence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了不连贯的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the incoherence.
经理就不连贯写了一份清晰的报告。
固有;存在于;本质上属于
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
动 固有;存在于;本质上属于
▪ The teacher asked the students to inhere before the bell rang.
铃响前老师让学生们固有。
▪ She decided to inhere after thinking about the risk.
考虑到风险后她决定固有。
▪ They will not inhere unless the weather improves.
除非天气好转,否则他们不会固有。
▪ Nobody expected him to inhere so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就固有了。
内在;固有;(哲)内在性
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 内在;固有;(哲)内在性
▪ The whole inherence took several hours to complete.
整个内在过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper inherence is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的内在至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of inherence with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了内在的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the inherence.
经理就内在写了一份清晰的报告。
固有地;本质上;天生地
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
副 固有地;本质上;天生地
▪ The team inherently finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前固有地完成了任务。
▪ She inherently checked the results and then signed the form.
她固有地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were inherently changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被固有地修改了。
▪ He spoke inherently so that everyone could understand.
他固有地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
黏附;附着力;(医)粘连;支持
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 黏附;附着力;(医)粘连;支持
▪ The whole adhesion took several hours to complete.
整个黏附过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper adhesion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的黏附至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of adhesion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了黏附的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the adhesion.
经理就黏附写了一份清晰的报告。
黏的;有黏性的;黏合剂,胶带
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
形 黏的;有黏性的;黏合剂,胶带
▪ The new rule will be adhesive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是黏的。
▪ They considered the plan adhesive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是黏的。
▪ The manager gave a adhesive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个黏的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be adhesive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是黏的的。
凝聚(力);团结;(物)内聚力
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 凝聚(力);团结;(物)内聚力
▪ The whole cohesion took several hours to complete.
整个凝聚过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper cohesion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的凝聚至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of cohesion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了凝聚的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the cohesion.
经理就凝聚写了一份清晰的报告。
有凝聚力的;团结的;黏合的
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
形 有凝聚力的;团结的;黏合的
▪ The new rule will be cohesive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是有凝聚力的。
▪ They considered the plan cohesive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是有凝聚力的。
▪ The manager gave a cohesive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个有凝聚力的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be cohesive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是有凝聚力的的。
犹豫;迟疑;踌躇
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
名 犹豫;迟疑;踌躇
▪ The whole hesitancy took several hours to complete.
整个犹豫过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper hesitancy is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的犹豫至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of hesitancy with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了犹豫的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the hesitancy.
经理就犹豫写了一份清晰的报告。
犹豫的;迟疑的;不情愿的
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
形 犹豫的;迟疑的;不情愿的
▪ The new rule will be hesitant for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是犹豫的。
▪ They considered the plan hesitant after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是犹豫的。
▪ The manager gave a hesitant answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个犹豫的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be hesitant before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是犹豫的的。
迟疑地;踌躇地
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
副 迟疑地;踌躇地
▪ The team hesitantly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前迟疑地完成了任务。
▪ She hesitantly checked the results and then signed the form.
她迟疑地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were hesitantly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被迟疑地修改了。
▪ He spoke hesitantly so that everyone could understand.
他迟疑地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
毫不犹豫地;即刻地
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:here/hes
副 毫不犹豫地;即刻地
▪ The team unhesitatingly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前毫不犹豫地完成了任务。
▪ She unhesitatingly checked the results and then signed the form.
她毫不犹豫地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were unhesitatingly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被毫不犹豫地修改了。
▪ He spoke unhesitatingly so that everyone could understand.
他毫不犹豫地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
ive
犹豫的
拉丁词根 here/hes 派生:hesitat + ive
形 犹豫的
▪ The new rule will be hesitative for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是犹豫的。
▪ They considered the plan hesitative after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是犹豫的。
▪ The manager gave a hesitative answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个犹豫的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be hesitative before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是犹豫的的。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
-her- 与 -hes- 是同一动词的两个词干
adhere、cohere、inherent 用现在词干 haer-;hesitate、hesitant 用反复形 haesitāre 的分词词干 haes-。不要把 hesitate 误认作另一个词根。
存疑PIE 词根标 *ghais- 不确证
haerēre 的更远印欧词根学界未有定论,AHD 等多标「词源不明」。本页据卡片 PIE 标 *ghais-,但与希腊、日耳曼均无可靠同形,不硬挂跨语族链接。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *ghais-(to stick, adhere;语源存疑)
│
├─ 拉丁 haerēō · haerēre · haesī · haesus(第二变位)
│ ├─ 现在词干 haer-:adhere · cohere · inherent · coherent
│ ├─ 分词词干 haes-:hesitate(haesitāre 反复)· hesitant · hesitation
│ └─ 复合词:adhaerēre(adhere)· cohaerēre(cohere)· inhaerēre(inherent)
│
├─ 希腊:无可靠同形(存疑,不挂)
│
└─ 日耳曼:本族无继承形;纯拉丁借词
EVIDENCE & METHOD 证据与方法
判定 here/hes 同根,靠拉丁双词干+反复动词形态闭环。
双词干
haer-/haes- 由 haerēre 一动词给出,adhere 族与 hesitate 族分别挂在两词干上,可互相推出。
ae→/ɪ/
拉丁 haer- 经古法弱化为英语 -her- /hɪr/;分词 -s- 在 hesitate 保留。
7 词闭环
本页 7 词都能由 haer-/haes-+常规后缀生成,无一例外。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · 高阶拉丁 haesitāre
haesitāre
haerēre 的反复动词「频频黏住」,英语 hesitate;名词 haesitantia→hesitation
L · 拉丁语 haereō
haerēre
古典拉丁「黏附、坚持」;haerēmus「我们黏着」;adhaerere deō「依附神」
一屏速记 · 23 词
动 黏附;附着;坚持;遵守
构ad- / here
例The label will not adhere to a wet surface
a. 连贯的;有条理的;一致的;黏合的
构co- / her / -ent
例The essay presents a clear and coherent
动 犹豫;踌躇;迟疑;(说话)结巴
构hes / -it- / -ate
例Do not hesitate to call if you need help
a. 内在的;固有的;与生俱来的
构in- / her / -ent
例Risk is inherent in any new business
动 黏合;连贯;一致;凝聚
构co- / here
例The two halves of the story cohere nicely
名 犹豫;迟疑;停顿;支吾
构hes / -it- / -ation
例She agreed without a moment of hesitation
a. 不连贯的;语无伦次的;松散的
构in- / co- / her / -ent
例He was drunk and gave an incoherent speech
名 黏附;坚持;遵守;依附
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole adherence took several hours to complete.
形 黏着的;依附的;支持者,信徒
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The new rule will be adherent for everyone in the group.
名 连贯性;一致性;凝聚力
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole coherence took several hours to complete.
名 不连贯;无条理;语无伦次
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole incoherence took several hours to complete.
动 固有;存在于;本质上属于
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The teacher asked the students to inhere before the bell rang.
名 内在;固有;(哲)内在性
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole inherence took several hours to complete.
副 固有地;本质上;天生地
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The team inherently finished the task before the deadline.
名 黏附;附着力;(医)粘连;支持
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole adhesion took several hours to complete.
形 黏的;有黏性的;黏合剂,胶带
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The new rule will be adhesive for everyone in the group.
名 凝聚(力);团结;(物)内聚力
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole cohesion took several hours to complete.
形 有凝聚力的;团结的;黏合的
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The new rule will be cohesive for everyone in the group.
名 犹豫;迟疑;踌躇
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The whole hesitancy took several hours to complete.
形 犹豫的;迟疑的;不情愿的
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The new rule will be hesitant for everyone in the group.
副 迟疑地;踌躇地
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The team hesitantly finished the task before the deadline.
副 毫不犹豫地;即刻地
源here/hes
构here/hes
例The team unhesitatingly finished the task before the deadline.
形 犹豫的
源hesitat + ive
构hesitat + ive
例The new rule will be hesitative for everyone in the group.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
here/hes 在跨语族的同根字根(点击可跳转)。
G 篇待补 · 无可靠同形
N 篇待补 · 日耳曼无继承

