GERMANIC ROOT · N074 · 日耳曼字根
short / shirt / skirt短 · 切 · 衣摆
PIE root *sker- 「to cut」(short=被切短的)
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
short 本义「被切短的」,与 shirt、skirt 同出「切割/衣摆」一族;拉丁/希腊侧取「切」义孳生大量学术词。
*sker- → PGmc *skurto- → OE scort
short · shirt · skirt
本族同根:shortage · shortcut · shortcoming · shorthand(详见本页)
*sker- → curtus「cut short」
curt-L 篇待补
curt(简短/唐突)、curtail;拉丁侧取「切短」
*sker- → keirein「to cut」
cer-G 篇待补
-tomy(切开术)、circumcision;希腊侧取「切」
同源旁证:德语 kurz「短」(经音变)、古诺斯 skyrta「衬衫/裙」。
词根的形态扩展 ROOT EXTENSIONS
short 是「切短」形容词;shirt/skirt 是「衣摆」名词的两条音变支线。
切短主干
*skurto-
「被切短的」
short(scort):短的
i-音变支线
skurtjō
「短衣摆」
shirt(scyrte):衬衫
古诺斯借形
skyrta
「裙/下摆」
skirt(ON 借入):裙子
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从 *sker- 到现代 short/shirt/skirt,关键语音变化。
①or → /ɔː/
古英语 scort 中的 or 在中世纪高化为 /ɔː/:scort → short /ʃɔːrt/。
②i-音变:shirt
scyrte 因后缀引发 i-音变,o 变 y/i:scort → scyrte → shirt /ʃɜːrt/(短衣摆)。
③sk- 保留:skirt
skirt 来自古诺斯 skyrta,保留 sk- 音(未像本族那样 sh-化):skirt /skɜːrt/。
④sh- 腭化
古英语 sc- 在前元音前腭化为 sh-:scort → short、scyrte → shirt。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
short 为弱变化形容词;shirt/skirt 为同源名词。
切短形容词
*skurto-
OE scort
短衣摆(本族)
skurtjō
OE scyrte
短衣摆(北欧)
skyrta
ON skyrta
拼写演变 · 文献证据(据 OED Forms)
| 词干 | 古英语/诺斯 | 中古英语 | 现代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 短(形) | scort | short | short |
| 短衣摆 | scyrte | shirt | shirt |
| 裙(借入) | ON skyrta | skyrte | skirt |
三个关键事实:① shirt 与 skirt 同源异形——一个是本族 i-音变,一个是古诺斯借形;② short 本义「被切短」,与 shear、score 同出 *sker-「切」;③ shorthand「速记」=短写法。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
「切短」经引申分化为时间短、不足、捷径多条链。
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切短 / 短
古英语 scort「short」< PGmc *skurto- < *sker-「切」(古英语已见)
形 短的,矮的,不足的 副 简短地
衍
shortage n 短缺 shortly adv 不久 shortcut n 捷径 shortcoming n 缺点 shorthand n 速记 shortwave n 短波
▪ The dog had a short tail and long ears.
那条狗尾巴短、耳朵长。
▪ We only had a short time between the two meetings.
两场会议之间我们只有很短的时间。
▪ To make a long story short, we missed the train.
长话短说,我们没赶上火车。
▪ He cut his speech short when the bell rang.
铃一响,他就匆匆结束了讲话。
不久 / 简略
short + -ly:副词化
副 不久,立刻,简略地
▪ The train will arrive shortly.
火车很快就到。
▪ She shortly explained the rules to the new students.
她向新生简略地讲了规则。
▪ Shortly after nine, the phone rang again.
九点刚过,电话又响了。
▪ He answered rather shortly and walked away.
他回答得相当简短,然后走开了。
短缺
short + -age:不足之量
名 不足,短缺,匮乏
▪ There is a serious shortage of fresh water in the region.
该地区淡水严重短缺。
▪ The factory closed because of a labor shortage.
工厂因劳动力短缺而关闭。
▪ A food shortage followed the long drought.
久旱之后出现了粮食短缺。
▪ The report warns of a growing energy shortage.
报告警告能源短缺日益严重。
短切
short + cut:切短的路
名 捷径,近路;(电脑)快捷键
▪ We took a shortcut through the alley to save time.
我们抄小巷近路以节省时间。
▪ There is no shortcut to learning a language well.
学好一门语言没有捷径。
▪ Press this shortcut to save the document.
按这个快捷键保存文档。
▪ The children found a shortcut to the river.
孩子们找到一条去河边的近路。
短衣摆
古英语 scyrte(scort 的 i-音变):短上衣
名 衬衫,汗衫
▪ He wore a clean white shirt to the interview.
他穿一件干净的白衬衫去面试。
▪ She ironed her husband’s shirt every morning.
她每天早上都给丈夫熨衬衫。
▪ The shirt has a small pocket on the left side.
这件衬衫左边有一个小口袋。
▪ He lost his shirt on the stock market.
他在股市上赔光了身家。
下摆 / 裙
古诺斯 skyrta:下摆;与本族 shirt 同源
名 裙子 动 绕开,位于…边缘
▪ She bought a long blue skirt for the party.
她为派对买了一条蓝色长裙。
▪ The road skirts the edge of the dark forest.
道路沿着黑森林的边缘蜿蜒。
▪ He carefully skirted the question of money.
他巧妙地绕开了钱的问题。
▪ The house sits on the skirt of the hill.
房子坐落在山脚下。
短到/缺欠
short + coming:「短到未达」=缺点
名 缺点,短处
▪ We should be honest about our own shortcomings.
我们应该坦诚面对自己的缺点。
▪ The report lists several shortcomings in the plan.
报告列出了这项计划的几处不足。
▪ Patience was his greatest shortcoming.
缺乏耐心是他最大的缺点。
▪ She accepted criticism about her shortcomings calmly.
她平静地接受了对自己短处的批评。
短写
short + hand:简短写法=速记
名 速记;简略说法
▪ The secretary took the minutes in shorthand.
秘书用速记记录会议纪要。
▪ “AI” is a popular shorthand for artificial intelligence.
「AI」是人工智能的流行简称。
▪ She learned shorthand at business school.
她在商学院学过速记。
▪ The word is often used as a shorthand for the whole idea.
这个词常被用作整个概念的简称。
短路;漏电
古英语 short 家族:short(电流之短接)
名 短路;漏电
▪ The short circuit is widely used in this kind of work.
短路在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short circuit in a safe place after use.
用后请把短路放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short circuit to the entrance of the building.
团队把短路搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short circuit at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短路。
入围名单;候选名单
古英语 short 家族:short(精简之名册)
名 入围名单;候选名单
▪ The short list is widely used in this kind of work.
入围名单在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short list in a safe place after use.
用后请把入围名单放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short list to the entrance of the building.
团队把入围名单搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short list at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的入围名单。
缺少;不足;除非
古英语 short 家族:short(有所不足)
名 缺少;不足;除非
▪ The short of is widely used in this kind of work.
缺少在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short of in a safe place after use.
用后请把缺少放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short of to the entrance of the building.
团队把缺少搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short of at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缺少。
短篇小说
古英语 short 家族:short(短小之故事)
名 短篇小说
▪ The short story is widely used in this kind of work.
短篇小说在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short story in a safe place after use.
用后请把短篇小说放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short story to the entrance of the building.
团队把短篇小说搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short story at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短篇小说。
短期;短期的
古英语 short 家族:short(短之期限)
名 短期;短期的
▪ The short term is widely used in this kind of work.
短期在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short term in a safe place after use.
用后请把短期放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short term to the entrance of the building.
团队把短期搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short term at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短期。
短时间;缩短工时
古英语 short 家族:short(短暂之时)
名 短时间;缩短工时
▪ The short time is widely used in this kind of work.
短时间在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the short time in a safe place after use.
用后请把短时间放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the short time to the entrance of the building.
团队把短时间搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable short time at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的短时间。
缩短;变短;减少
古英语 short 家族:short(使之短)
形 缩短;变短;减少
▪ The new rule will be shorten for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是缩短。
▪ They considered the plan shorten after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是缩短。
▪ The manager gave a shorten answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个缩短的答复。
▪ Every solution must be shorten before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是缩短的。
更短的(比较级)
古英语 short 家族:short(更短)
形 更短的(比较级)
▪ The new rule will be shorter for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是更短的。
▪ They considered the plan shorter after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是更短的。
▪ The manager gave a shorter answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个更短的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be shorter before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是更短的的。
最短的(最高级)
古英语 short 家族:short(最短)
形 最短的(最高级)
▪ The new rule will be shortest for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是最短的。
▪ They considered the plan shortest after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是最短的。
▪ The manager gave a shortest answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个最短的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be shortest before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是最短的的。
缺口;差额;不足
古英语 short 家族:short(短缺之落差)
名 缺口;差额;不足
▪ The shortfall is widely used in this kind of work.
缺口在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the shortfall in a safe place after use.
用后请把缺口放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the shortfall to the entrance of the building.
团队把缺口搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable shortfall at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的缺口。
短;短促;不足
古英语 short 家族:short(短之状态)
名 短;短促;不足
▪ The whole shortness took several hours to complete.
整个短过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper shortness is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的短至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of shortness with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了短的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the shortness.
经理就短写了一份清晰的报告。
恤;短袖衫
古英语 short 家族:short(T 形之衫)
名 恤;短袖衫
▪ The T-shirt is widely used in this kind of work.
恤在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the T-shirt in a safe place after use.
用后请把恤放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the T-shirt to the entrance of the building.
团队把恤搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable T-shirt at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的恤。
sight
-ed
近视的;目光短浅的
古英语 short 家族:short + sight + -ed(近视的;目光短浅的)
形 近视的;目光短浅的
▪ The new rule will be shortsighted for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是近视的。
▪ They considered the plan shortsighted after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是近视的。
▪ The manager gave a shortsighted answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个近视的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be shortsighted before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是近视的的。
lived 寿命
短暂的;昙花一现的
古英语 short 家族:short + lived 寿命(短暂的;昙花一现的)
形 短暂的;昙花一现的
▪ The new rule will be shortlived for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是短暂的。
▪ They considered the plan shortlived after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是短暂的。
▪ The manager gave a shortlived answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个短暂的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be shortlived before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是短暂的的。
一词三形 · short / shirt / skirt 的分道
三者都来自「切短的衣摆/布片」:short 走形容词路;shirt 是本族 i-音变(scort→scyrte);skirt 是维京时代从古诺斯 skyrta 借入的平行形。同一件衣服的两种叫法,因借入与音变而拆成两个词。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *sker-(to cut)
│
└─ PGmc *skurto-(「切短」)
├─ OE scort ── short
│ ├─ short+-ly ── shortly
│ ├─ short+-age ── shortage
│ ├─ short+cut ── shortcut
│ ├─ short+coming ── shortcoming
│ └─ short+hand ── shorthand
├─ OE scyrte(i-音变)── shirt(衬衫)
└─ ON skyrta ── skirt(裙子,借入)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
带星号 *sker-、*skurto- 是构拟形;scort、scyrte、skyrta 是手稿真实形式。
short、shirt 本族 5 世纪入英;skirt 为维京时代(9–10c)古诺斯借词。
short 列现代书面英语前 1500;shirt、skirt 为 A 级常用词。
外围同源 BEYOND THE FAMILY
*sker-「切」是欧洲最能孳生的根之一,医学、学术词多由此出。
LATIN 拉丁
curtus → curt
curtus「切短」→ curt(唐突简短)、curtail(缩减)
GREEK 希腊
keirein → -tomy
keirein「切」→ -tomy(切开术)、epitome
shear / score
同为 *sker-「切」本族派:shear(剪)、score(刻痕→二十)
shortwave
「短波」,无线电波段名
skirt a problem
「绕开问题」=不正面处理
跨语族同源 RELATED ROOTS · *sker-
同一个 PIE *sker-,本族取「切短」,拉丁/希腊取「切」:
L · 拉丁 curtus(待补)
G · 希腊 keirein(待补)

