GREEK ROOT · G157 · 希腊字根
trit / trib-摩擦·磨碎
PIE root *ter-(to rub;tribein 摩擦,与拉丁 terere 同根) | 「to rub, wear away, grind」
同源跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
希腊 τρίβω「摩擦」,给了英语 trite(陈腐)、attrition(磨损)、contrite(痛悔)、diatribe(抨击)一族。
PIE *ter-「摩擦」 → tribō(τρίβω)「I rub」
tribō / tripsa
trite · attrition · contrite · detritus · diatribe(详见本页)
PIE *ter- → 拉丁 terere「to rub」(同根拉丁形)
terere
拉丁 attritio/contritio 与希腊 tribein 同 PIE *ter-
拉丁 terere → 中古英语 trite/attrition(14–16 世纪)
trite / attrition
英语经拉丁借词;希腊形 diatribe 另支
希腊亲属词:diatribe=dia「贯穿」+tribein「摩擦消磨」=消磨时光的长篇谈论→抨击;tribology 是摩擦学。
词根的形态:现在·将来·不定过去·完成 FOUR STEMS OF THE VERB
希腊动词靠「四词干」定位——现在/将来/不定过去/完成,词干都从 PIE *ter-「摩擦」派生,过去时增音词首加 e-。
PRESENT 现在
tribō(τρίβω)
我摩擦;现在词干 trib-
现在 1sg trib-;连接元音 -o-/-e-。
FUTURE 将来
tribēsō(τριβήσω)
我将摩擦;将来词干 tribēs-
将来 1sg 加 -s-:tribē-s-ō。
AORIST 不定过去
etripsa(ἔτριψα)
我摩擦了;增音 e-+词干 trip-
不定过去 1sg 词首增音 e-,ψ=ps:e-trips-a。
PERFECT 完成
tetripha(τέτριφα)
我已摩擦;重复首音 tri-
完成 1sg 重复首音 te-+-a;完成被动 ē-trib-ē-mai。
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从希腊 tribō 到现代英语各词,四次关键的形态—语音调整。
①希腊动词经拉丁转写
希腊 terere 形经拉丁 terere「摩擦」;attrition/contrite 走拉丁支。
②trite 入英
拉丁 tritus「磨过的」→ 中古英语 trite(1540s);「磨旧」→陈腐。
③复合连接形 tribo- 与 -o-
希腊构词用连接元音 -o-:tribo-logy(摩擦学)、dia-tribe;-o- 连接两个希腊词干。
④希腊字母转写规则
β→b、ψ→ps、τρι→tri;如 tribein 转写为 tribe-、dia 为 dia-。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
tribō 是希腊动词(PIE *ter-)。下面给变位、入英路径和后缀真身。
动词变位 · tribō(I rub)主要时态 1sg 主动
| 时态 | 希腊(1sg) | 拉丁化 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | tribō(τρίβω) | tribo | 词干 trib-+-ω |
| 将来 | tribēsō(τριβήσω) | tribeso | 加 -s- |
| 不定过去 | etripsa(ἔτριψα) | etripsa | 增音 e-+ψ=ps |
| 完成 | tetripha(τέτριφα) | tetripha | 重复首音+-a |
| 现在不定式 | tribein(τρίβειν) | tribere | 词干+-ein |
希腊动词过去时增音 e- 加词首;连接元音 -o-/-e-(u 前用 o);完成时重复首音。找英语词干统一看现在词干 trib-。
入英路径:希腊/拉丁 → 英语
| 英语词 | 希腊 | 拉丁/古法 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| trite | tritus | L terere 过去分词 | 1540s |
| attrition | ad-+terere | L attritio | 14c |
| contrite | con-+tritus | L contritus | 14c |
| detritus | de-+terere | L detritus | 1795 |
| diatribe | dia-+tribein | 希腊直接借 | 1580s |
后缀真身(希腊/拉丁后缀,在本族里的形式)
contrite 的构词:con-「加强」+tritus「磨碎」
悔罪之心如同「被磨碎/捶打过」,故 contrite 指痛悔;tribulum 是拉丁打谷板,人生被如此碾压即 tribulation「苦难」。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
trib- 的核心是「摩擦」,向外分四条产词线:磨旧陈腐、磨耗、心磨碎痛悔、碾压苦难。
→
→
→
→
-e
磨 / -e
tritus worn by rubbing
形 陈腐的,老生常谈的
The joke was trite.这个笑话陈腐。
His speech was trite and dull.他的演讲陈腐乏味。
The ending felt trite.结局显得陈腐。
She avoided trite phrases.她避免陈腐措辞。
trit
-ion
ad 对 / 磨 / -ion
ad + terere rub
名 磨损,消耗,人员流失
The war became a war of attrition.战争变成消耗战。
Attrition reduced the staff.人员流失使员工减少。
They waited for attrition to cut costs.他们等待人员流失以削减成本。
The gears suffered wear by attrition.齿轮因磨损而损耗。
trit
-ed
对 / 磨 / -ed
attritus + -ed
形 磨损的
The attrited tires needed replacement.磨损的轮胎需要更换。
The attrited rope frayed.磨损的绳子磨损散丝。
They inspected the attrited parts.他们检查磨损零件。
The attrited surface looked rough.磨损表面粗糙。
trit
-e
完全 / 磨 / -e
con + tritus bruised
形 悔悟的,痛悔的
He sounded truly contrite.他听起来真的悔悟。
She gave a contrite apology.她痛悔地道歉。
The boy looked contrite.男孩显得悔悟。
His contrite tone moved them.他痛悔的语气打动他们。
trit
-ion
完全 / 磨 / -ion
con + terere + -ion
名 悔罪,痛悔
He felt deep contrition.他深感痛悔。
Her contrition seemed sincere.她的悔罪似乎真诚。
They asked for contrition before forgiveness.他们要求悔罪后再宽恕。
True contrition changed his ways.真正的悔罪改变了他的行为。
trit
-ion
去除 / 磨 / -ion
de + terere + -ion
名 磨损,耗损
Detrition wore down the stone.磨损磨耗石头。
The detrition of the riverbed was slow.河床的磨损缓慢。
They studied glacier detrition.他们研究冰川磨损。
Detrition smoothed the pebbles.磨损磨圆卵石。
trit
-us
离 / 磨 / -us
detritus worn away
名 岩屑,碎屑,瓦砾
Detritus covered the valley floor.碎屑覆盖谷底。
They cleared the glacial detritus.他们清理冰川岩屑。
Detritus piled at the cliff base.瓦砾堆在崖底。
The stream carried fine detritus.溪流带走细碎屑。
-ation
碾压 / -ation
tribulum threshing sledge
名 苦难,磨难
They endured many tribulations.他们经历许多苦难。
The book tells of faith through tribulation.这本书讲述历经磨难的信仰。
Tribulation tested their friendship.磨难考验他们的友谊。
They emerged stronger from tribulation.他们从磨难中变得更坚强。
-ate
碾压 / 动词
tribulare
动 使受苦难,折磨
Hardships tribulated the villagers.苦难折磨村民。
They were tribulated by loss.他们因损失而受苦。
Famine tribulated the region.饥荒折磨这一地区。
The family was tribulated by grief.这家人因悲伤而受苦。
tribe
贯穿 / 消磨
dia through + tribein rub
名 猛烈抨击,长篇谴责
The article was a bitter diatribe.这篇文章是辛辣抨击。
He launched a diatribe against waste.他对浪费展开猛烈抨击。
Her diatribe lasted twenty minutes.她的长篇谴责持续二十分钟。
The speech turned into a diatribe.演讲变成猛烈抨击。
logy
摩擦 / 学
tribein rub + logos
名 摩擦学
Tribology studies friction and wear.摩擦学研究摩擦与磨损。
He researched tribology in engines.他研究发动机中的摩擦学。
The course introduces tribology.这门课介绍摩擦学。
Tribology improves bearing life.摩擦学延长轴承寿命。
logist
摩擦 / 学者
tribein + logos + -ist
名 摩擦学专家
The tribologist tested the lubricant.摩擦学专家测试润滑剂。
Each tribologist studied wear patterns.每位摩擦学专家研究磨损模式。
She consulted a tribologist.她咨询摩擦学专家。
The tribologist recommended oil changes.摩擦学专家建议换油。
-ade
摩擦 / -ade
tribas one who rubs
名 女同性恋者(旧称)
Old texts describe a tribade.古旧文本描述一位女同性恋者。
The historian studied the tribade.历史学家研究这位女同性恋者。
She found the term tribade in old records.她在旧记录中发现 tribade 一词。
The poem spoke of a tribade.这首诗谈到一位女同性恋者。
-ism
摩擦者 / 名词
tribas + -ism
名 女同性恋行为(旧称)
The scholar wrote on tribadism.这位学者撰写女同性恋行为研究。
Old references mention tribadism.古旧文献提及 tribadism。
The book discusses historical tribadism.这本书讨论历史上的女同性恋行为。
They avoided the word tribadism.他们避免使用 tribadism 一词。
terere磨
损害;伤害
希腊词根 trit/tri 派生:de-离 + terere磨
名 损害;伤害
The whole detriment took several hours to complete.整个损害过程花了好几个小时才完成。
Proper detriment is essential if the results are to be reliable.若要结果可靠,恰当的损害至关重要。
The team studied the process of detriment with great care.团队非常仔细地研究了损害的过程。
The manager wrote a clear report on the detriment.经理就损害写了一份清晰的报告。
研磨;捣碎
希腊词根 trit/tri 派生:trit/tri
动 研磨;捣碎
The manager decided to triturate the problem before the meeting.经理决定在会前研磨这个问题。
She will triturate the task after the new plan is ready.新计划准备好后她会去研磨这项任务。
They need to triturate the materials before the class begins.上课前他们需要研磨这些材料。
Nobody expected him to triturate the plan so quickly.没人料到他这么快就研磨了计划。
磨损的;消耗的
希腊词根 trit 派生:trit
形 磨损的;消耗的
The new rule will be attritional for everyone in the group.新规则对组里每个人都将是磨损的。
They considered the plan attritional after a long discussion.经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是磨损的。
The manager gave a attritional answer at the meeting.经理在会上给出了一个磨损的的答复。
Every solution must be attritional before it is approved.每个方案在获批前都必须是磨损的的。
痛悔;悔罪
希腊词根 trit 派生:trit
名 痛悔;悔罪
The whole contriteness took several hours to complete.整个痛悔过程花了好几个小时才完成。
Proper contriteness is essential if the results are to be reliable.若要结果可靠,恰当的痛悔至关重要。
The team studied the process of contriteness with great care.团队非常仔细地研究了痛悔的过程。
The manager wrote a clear report on the contriteness.经理就痛悔写了一份清晰的报告。
陈腐地
希腊词根 trit 派生:trit
副 陈腐地
The team tritely finished the task before the deadline.团队在截止日前陈腐地完成了任务。
She tritely checked the results and then signed the form.她陈腐地核对了结果,然后签了表。
The rules were tritely changed at the start of the year.这些规则在年初被陈腐地修改了。
He spoke tritely so that everyone could understand.他陈腐地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
陈腐;平庸
希腊词根 trit 派生:trit
名 陈腐;平庸
The whole triteness took several hours to complete.整个陈腐过程花了好几个小时才完成。
Proper triteness is essential if the results are to be reliable.若要结果可靠,恰当的陈腐至关重要。
The team studied the process of triteness with great care.团队非常仔细地研究了陈腐的过程。
The manager wrote a clear report on the triteness.经理就陈腐写了一份清晰的报告。
al
不利的;有害的
希腊词根 trit/tri 派生:detriment + al
形 不利的;有害的
The new rule will be detrimental for everyone in the group.新规则对组里每个人都将是不利的。
They considered the plan detrimental after a long discussion.经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是不利的。
The manager gave a detrimental answer at the meeting.经理在会上给出了一个不利的的答复。
Every solution must be detrimental before it is approved.每个方案在获批前都必须是不利的的。
al
碎屑的,由岩屑构成的
希腊词根 trit 派生:detrit + al
形 碎屑的,由岩屑构成的
The new rule will be detrital for everyone in the group.新规则对组里每个人都将是碎屑的。
They considered the plan detrital after a long discussion.经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是碎屑的。
The manager gave a detrital answer at the meeting.经理在会上给出了一个碎屑的的答复。
Every solution must be detrital before it is approved.每个方案在获批前都必须是碎屑的的。
angl
e
三角(形);三角关系;三角形之物
希腊词根 trit/tri 派生:tri + angl + e
名 三角(形);三角关系;三角形之物
The triangle is widely used in this kind of work.三角在这类工作中被广泛使用。
Please keep the triangle in a safe place after use.用后请把三角放在安全的地方。
The team moved the triangle to the entrance of the building.团队把三角搬到了大楼入口。
You can find a reliable triangle at the shop near the station.车站附近的店里能找到可靠的三角。
ple
三倍的,三重的,三方的,三次的v.增至三倍n.三倍数;三个一组
希腊词根 trit/tri 派生:tri + ple
形 三倍的,三重的,三方的,三次的v.增至三倍n.三倍数;三个一组
The new rule will be triple for everyone in the group.新规则对组里每个人都将是三倍的。
They considered the plan triple after a long discussion.经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是三倍的。
The manager gave a triple answer at the meeting.经理在会上给出了一个三倍的的答复。
Every solution must be triple before it is approved.每个方案在获批前都必须是三倍的的。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
假邻居:含 trib/tri 拼写但与摩擦无关
tribe/tribunal/tribute/distribute/contribute 来自 tribus/tribuere「部落/给予」;tritium(氚)来自 tritos「第三」;nutrition 来自 nutrire。见 trib- 先判义。
diatribe 的「消磨时光
dia「贯穿」+tribein「摩擦消磨」:原指「消磨时光的长篇谈论」,后引申为猛烈抨击;tribology 是 1966 年造的「摩擦学」。
存疑PIE *ter- 多支
*ter-「摩擦」派生出希腊 tribein、拉丁 terere,及「三」的 tritos(不同根);本根只取「摩擦」支。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *ter-(to rub)
│
├─ 希腊 tribō(τρίβω,动词,词干 trib-)
│ ├─ dia-「贯穿」+tribein:diatribe
│ └─ tribo-+logia:tribology · tribologist
├─ 拉丁 terere(同 PIE *ter-)
│ ├─ tritus「磨过」:trite
│ ├─ ad-+terere:attrition · attrited
│ ├─ con-+tritus:contrite · contrition
│ ├─ de-+terere:detrition · detritus
│ └─ tribulum「打谷板」:tribulation · tribulate
│
└─ 英语经拉丁 trite/attrition/contrite(14–16 世纪)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 trib/trit 同根,用三重证据法。
动词四词干
tribō 现在词干 trib-、不定过去 etripsa、完成 tetripha;14 个英语词主要走拉丁 terere 支。
希腊→拉丁
β→b、ψ→ps;希腊词经拉丁转写、直接借词进英语。
14 词闭环
本页 14 个大词都能由 trib-+-ite/-ion 或经拉丁 ad/con/de 前缀生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
L · terere(同 PIE 拉丁形)
attrition
拉丁 terere「摩擦」与希腊 tribein 同 PIE *ter-;attrition/contrite 走此支
EN · trite(最常用后裔)
trite
拉丁 tritus「磨过」→ 英语 trite;日常义「陈腐的」
一屏速记 · 24 词
形 陈腐的,老生常谈的
构trit / -e
例The joke was trite.
名 磨损,消耗,人员流失
构at / trit / -ion
例The war became a war of attrition.
形 磨损的
构at / trit / -ed
例The attrited tires needed replacement.
形 悔悟的,痛悔的
构con / trit / -e
例He sounded truly contrite.
名 悔罪,痛悔
构con / trit / -ion
例He felt deep contrition.
名 磨损,耗损
构de / trit / -ion
例Detrition wore down the stone.
名 岩屑,碎屑,瓦砾
构de / trit / -us
例Detritus covered the valley floor.
名 苦难,磨难
构tribul / -ation
例They endured many tribulations.
动 使受苦难,折磨
构tribul / -ate
例Hardships tribulated the villagers.
名 猛烈抨击,长篇谴责
构dia / tribe
例The article was a bitter diatribe.
名 摩擦学
构tribo / logy
例Tribology studies friction and wear.
名 摩擦学专家
构tribo / logist
例The tribologist tested the lubricant.
名 女同性恋者(旧称)
构trib / -ade
例Old texts describe a tribade.
名 女同性恋行为(旧称)
构tribad / -ism
例The scholar wrote on tribadism.
名 损害;伤害
源de-离 + terere磨
构de-离 + terere磨
例The whole detriment took several hours to complete.
动 研磨;捣碎
源trit/tri
构trit/tri
例The manager decided to triturate the problem before the meeting.
形 磨损的;消耗的
源trit
构trit
例The new rule will be attritional for everyone in the group.
名 痛悔;悔罪
源trit
构trit
例The whole contriteness took several hours to complete.
副 陈腐地
源trit
构trit
例The team tritely finished the task before the deadline.
名 陈腐;平庸
源trit
构trit
例The whole triteness took several hours to complete.
形 不利的;有害的
源detriment + al
构detriment + al
例The new rule will be detrimental for everyone in the group.
形 碎屑的,由岩屑构成的
源detrit + al
构detrit + al
例The new rule will be detrital for everyone in the group.
名 三角(形);三角关系;三角形之物
源tri + angl + e
构tri + angl + e
例The triangle is widely used in this kind of work.
形 三倍的,三重的,三方的,三次的v.增至三倍n.三倍数;三个一组
源tri + ple
构tri + ple
例The new rule will be triple for everyone in the group.
系列导航 SERIES NAV
本根是希拉同 PIE 双形(希腊 trib-/拉丁 ter-)。同篇见 G156 therap(治疗)、G158 past(糊)。

