LATIN ROOT · L013 · 拉丁字根
clud / clus关 · 闭 · 隔
PIE root *klau-(拉丁 claudere) 「to shut, close」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
印欧「关」在拉丁作 claudere;日耳曼支同根给出英语 lock/latch(本族),英语 clud-/clus- 则多为罗曼借词。
*klau- → Latin claudere「to shut」;完成分词 clausum
claud- / claus-
close · conclude · exclude · include · exclude · disclose · clause · closet(详见本页)
*klau- 在希腊支无公认对应
—G 篇待补
无希腊同源借词
*klau- → 日耳曼 *lahaną/lōk「lock」(格林定律 *k→l)
lock
英语 lock/latch 是本族同根(非借词)
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
claudō 是第三变位动词;英语词主要挂在分词词干 claus-(-clus-)与现在词干 claud- 上。
PRESENT 现在词干
claud-
claudere/claudō|第三变位,连接元音 -e-
close(clausus→古法 clos)· conclude(conclūdere)
PERFECT 完成词干
claus-
clausī|-s- 完成(claud→claus)
exclude(exclūdere)· include(inclūdere)· disclose
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
claus-
clausum/clausus|完成分词 -s-
clause(clausa)· closet · closure · enclose
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 claudere 到现代英语各词,四次形态—语音调整。
①-s- 完成/分词
claudere→完成 clausī、分词 clausum:exclude、include。
②复合 -clūdere
ex-+claudere→exclūdere、in-+claudere→inclūdere、con-+claudere→conclūdere。
③古法 -aus-→-os-
clausus→古法语 clos→close;clausa→clause。
④前缀 in- 同化
in-+claudere 在 c 前不同化(仍 inclūdere);dis-+claudere→disclose。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
claudō 是第三变位动词,完成 clausī 与分词 clausum 同形,英语借词多挂在 claus-。
现在 1sg
claudō
我关
现在不定式
claudere
to shut
完成 1sg
clausī
我关了(-s- 完成)
目的分词
clausum
to shut(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第三变位
| 人称 | 主动 | 被动 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | claudō | claudor | claud-ō |
| 2 sg | claudis | clauderis | claud-is |
| 3 sg | claudit | clauditur | claud-it |
| 1 pl | claudimus | claudimur | claud-imus |
| 2 pl | clauditis | claudiminī | claud-itis |
| 3 pl | claudunt | clauduntur | claud-unt |
入英路径 · 拉丁 → 古法语 → 英语
| 英语词 | 拉丁 | 古法语 | 入英年代 |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | clausus | clos | 13 世纪 |
| include | inclūdere | enclore | 15 世纪 |
| exclude | exclūdere | exclure | 14 世纪 |
| conclude | conclūdere | conclure | 14 世纪 |
三个关键事实:① 完成 clausī 与分词 clausum 同形(-s- 词干);② exclude/include/conclude 是 ex-/in-/con-+claudere 复合;③ close 直接来自 clausus 经古法 clos。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
claudere 的核心是「关」,由「关闭」向「隔绝、包含、结束、泄露」引申。
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条款;从句,分句
13c. 古法 clause,拉丁 clausa「结束、收尾」,clausus(claudere 完成分词)的阴性名词;原指句子/法律论证的收尾。
名 条款;从句,分句
▪ The contract includes a new clause.
合同包含一个新条款。
▪ They added a clause about refunds.
他们加了一条关于退款的条款。
▪ She studied each clause carefully.
她仔细研究每一条款。
▪ The sentence contains a relative clause.
这个句子包含一个关系从句。
关闭;结束;靠近的,亲密的
c.1200 古法 clos-(clore「关」的过去分词干),拉丁 clausus(claudere 的完成分词);部分混古英语 beclysan「关起」。
动 关闭 形 结束 名 靠近的,亲密的
▪ Please close the door.
请关上门。
▪ They closed the meeting at noon.
他们在中午结束了会议。
▪ She stood close to the window.
她站在窗边。
▪ They are close friends.
他们是亲密的朋友。
关闭的,封闭的;不开放的
close+-ed 过去分词形容词。
形 关闭的,封闭的;不开放的
▪ The shop is closed on Sundays.
这家店星期天关门。
▪ They held a closed meeting.
他们举行了闭门会议。
▪ The road is closed to traffic.
这条路禁止车辆通行。
▪ She kept her eyes closed.
她闭着眼睛。
紧密地,密切地;仔细地
close(adj.)+-ly。
副 紧密地,密切地;仔细地
▪ They watched the game closely.
他们密切地观看比赛。
▪ She closely followed the news.
她密切关注新闻。
▪ The two ideas are closely linked.
这两个想法紧密相连。
▪ He examined the paper closely.
他仔细检查了试卷。
最近的,最亲密的
close 的最高级。
形 最近的,最亲密的
▪ She is my closest friend.
她是我最亲密的朋友。
▪ The closest station is two blocks away.
最近的车站离这里两个街区。
▪ They chose the closest option.
他们选择了最接近的方案。
▪ He ran to the closest door.
他跑向最近的门。
得出结论,断定;结束
early 14c. 拉丁 concludere「关起、围住」,con-(一起,com- 在 c 前同化)+-cludere(claudere 复合形)。
动 得出结论,断定;结束
▪ They concluded the meeting with a toast.
他们以祝酒结束了会议。
▪ She concluded that he was right.
她断定他是对的。
▪ The talks concluded without a deal.
会谈在没有达成协议的情况下结束。
▪ They concluded the agreement in March.
他们在三月缔结了协议。
结论;结尾,结束;缔结
late 14c. 拉丁 conclusionem(conclusio),concludere 分词干 conclus-+-io。
名 结论;结尾,结束;缔结
▪ They drew a surprising conclusion.
他们得出了一个令人惊讶的结论。
▪ The book has a dull conclusion.
这本书的结尾平淡。
▪ They reached a conclusion after hours.
数小时后他们达成结论。
▪ In conclusion, the plan failed.
总之,这项计划失败了。
围住,圈起;随信附上
14c. enclos,古法 enclore「关进去、围起」,en-(in 进入)+clore(close 关);异体 inclose。
动 围住,圈起;随信附上
▪ They enclosed the garden with a fence.
他们用篱笆围住花园。
▪ She enclosed a photo in the letter.
她在信中附上一张照片。
▪ The wall encloses the old city.
城墙围住了老城。
▪ They enclosed the check in an envelope.
他们把支票装进信封。
排除,排斥,不包括
mid-14c. 拉丁 excludere「关在外面、挡住」,ex-(出、外)+claudere。
动 排除,排斥,不包括
▪ They excluded him from the team.
他们把他排除在球队之外。
▪ The price excludes taxes.
此价格不含税。
▪ She excluded the faulty data.
她排除了错误数据。
▪ They excluded the option for now.
他们暂时排除了这个选项。
独有的,专用的;排外的;高档的
mid-15c. 中世纪拉丁 exclusivus,exclus-+-ivus;1822 起指圈子「不接纳外人」。
形 独有的,专用的;排外的;高档的
▪ The bathroom is for his exclusive use.
这间浴室归他专用。
▪ They joined an exclusive club.
他们加入了一个高档俱乐部。
▪ The magazine got an exclusive interview.
这家杂志获得了独家专访。
▪ The hotel is quite exclusive.
这家酒店相当高档。
专门地,仅仅,排他地
exclusive+-ly。
副 专门地,仅仅,排他地
▪ The room is exclusively for guests.
这个房间仅供客人使用。
▪ She works exclusively on design.
她只做设计工作。
▪ They used the tool exclusively.
他们专门使用这个工具。
▪ The offer is exclusively online.
这项优惠仅在网上提供。
包括,包含;计入
early 15c. 拉丁 includere「关在里面、围住、插入」,in-(里)+claudere。
动 包括,包含;计入
▪ The price includes breakfast.
价格含早餐。
▪ They include a gift with every order.
他们每份订单都附赠礼物。
▪ She included her name on the list.
她把自己的名字列入名单。
▪ The tour includes two museums.
这次游览包括两座博物馆。
包括在内的
include 的过去分词形容词。
形 包括在内的
▪ All taxes are included.
所有税都已包含在内。
▪ They received the included handbook.
他们收到了随附的手册。
▪ Price included, the trip was cheap.
含费用在内,这次旅行很便宜。
▪ She kept the included coupons.
她保留了附赠的优惠券。
包含的,包括一切的;包容的
15c. 中世纪拉丁 inclusivus,inclus-+-ivus。
形 包含的,包括一切的;包容的
▪ The price is all inclusive.
这个价格是一价全包的。
▪ They held an inclusive meeting.
他们举行了包容各方的会议。
▪ The inclusive policy welcomes everyone.
这项包容政策欢迎所有人。
▪ The bill is inclusive of service.
账单含服务费。
狭槽,投币口;时段,位置;投放
slot n.2「门闩、插销」early 14c.,中古荷兰/低地德语 slot,日耳曼 *slutila-(荷兰 slot「闩/锁/城堡」、德语 Schloss),源自日耳曼 *slut-「关」,被认为同 PIE *klau-「钩/闩」;
名 狭槽,投币口 动 时段,位置 动 投放
▪ He put the coin in the slot.
他把硬币投入投币口。
▪ They booked a time slot.
他们预订了一个时段。
▪ She slotted the disk into the drive.
她把磁盘插入驱动器。
▪ There is one open slot on the team.
队里还有一个空缺位置。
更近者;更接近地;终结者
close 的比较级 / 施事名词。
名 更近者 副 更接近地 副 终结者
▪ She moved closer to the fire.
她向火堆靠近。
▪ They are closer than before.
他们比以前更亲近了。
▪ The closer locked the gate.
那位关门人锁上了大门。
▪ He came closer for a better look.
他走近一些以便看得更清楚。
壁橱,衣橱;小房间;把…关在小室
14c. 古法 closet「小闭室、小间」,clos(封闭)+-et(指小)。
名 壁橱,衣橱 动 小房间 动 把…关在小室
▪ She hung the coat in the closet.
她把外套挂在衣橱里。
▪ They found old boxes in the closet.
他们在壁橱里发现旧箱子。
▪ He kept the secret in the closet.
他把秘密藏在心底。
▪ The closet door stuck.
壁橱门卡住了。
结尾的,收盘的;关闭,结尾
close 的现在分词 / 动名词。
形 结尾的,收盘的 名 关闭,结尾
▪ They gave closing remarks.
他们致闭幕辞。
▪ The closing time is nine.
关门时间是九点。
▪ She made the closing offer.
她报出了最后出价。
▪ They shook hands at closing.
他们在收尾时握了手。
关闭,结束;(心理)了结;闭包
14c. 古法 closure,拉丁 clausūra「锁、闩、封闭处」,clausus(claudere 分词干)+-ūra。
名 关闭,结束;(心理)了结;闭包
▪ They called for the closure of the plant.
他们要求关闭工厂。
▪ She found closure after the loss.
她在失去之后获得了心理上的了结。
▪ The road closure caused delays.
道路封闭造成延误。
▪ They sought closure for the family.
他们为这个家庭寻求一个了断。
确凿的,决定性的,无可置疑的
14c. 中世纪拉丁 conclusivus,conclus-+-ivus。
形 确凿的,决定性的,无可置疑的
▪ The evidence was conclusive.
证据确凿。
▪ They reached a conclusive decision.
他们作出了决定性的决定。
▪ She gave conclusive proof.
她给出了无可置疑的证据。
▪ The test results were conclusive.
检测结果具有决定性。
揭露,透露,使公开
late 14c. 古法 desclos「打开的、暴露的」,desclore「打开、解锁、揭示」的过去分词,des-(dis- 相反)+clore(close 关)。
动 揭露,透露,使公开
▪ They disclosed the hidden costs.
他们披露了隐藏的费用。
▪ She refused to disclose the source.
她拒绝透露消息来源。
▪ The report disclosed serious errors.
报告揭露了严重错误。
▪ They disclosed the details to the press.
他们向媒体透露了细节。
披露,揭发;被披露的事
1590s 英语造词,disclose+-ure(仿 closure)。
名 披露,揭发;被披露的事
▪ The disclosure shocked the public.
这一披露震惊了公众。
▪ They made a full disclosure.
他们作了全面披露。
▪ The disclosure listed hidden debts.
这份披露列出了隐藏的债务。
▪ She signed the disclosure form.
她签署了披露表。
围住的,封闭的;随信附上的
enclose 的过去分词形容词。
形 围住的,封闭的;随信附上的
▪ They returned the enclosed form.
他们退回了随附表格。
▪ The garden is enclosed by trees.
花园被树木环绕。
▪ She kept the enclosed letter.
她保留了随信附上的信。
▪ The enclosed yard was safe.
封闭的院子很安全。
围栏,围场;(信中)附件;圈地
15c. 古法 enclosure,enclore 的名词(-ure)。
名 围栏,围场;(信中)附件;圈地
▪ They built an enclosure for the sheep.
他们为绵羊建了围栏。
▪ She sent the check in an enclosure.
她把支票作为附件寄去。
▪ The zoo built a new enclosure.
动物园建了一个新围场。
▪ The enclosure held rare birds.
这个围场里养着珍稀鸟类。
排除,排斥;被排除在外
15c. 拉丁 exclusionem(exclusio),excludere 分词干 exclus-+-io。
名 排除,排斥;被排除在外
▪ They protested the exclusion of women.
他们抗议将女性排除在外。
▪ The exclusion list barred three firms.
这份排除名单禁止了三家公司。
▪ Her exclusion hurt the team.
她的出局让队伍受挫。
▪ They apologized for the exclusion.
他们为这一排挤道歉。
-ness。
接近;亲密;密闭,严密
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:close + -ness。
名 接近;亲密;密闭,严密
▪ The whole closeness took several hours to complete.
整个接近过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper closeness is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的接近至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of closeness with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了接近的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the closeness.
经理就接近写了一份清晰的报告。
up
特写镜头;细致的描写
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:1913 摄影术语,close + up
名 特写镜头;细致的描写
▪ The close-up is widely used in this kind of work.
特写镜头在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the close-up in a safe place after use.
用后请把特写镜头放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the close-up to the entrance of the building.
团队把特写镜头搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable close-up at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的特写镜头。
disclosed
未披露的,保密的,身份不明的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:un- + disclosed
形 未披露的,保密的,身份不明的
▪ The new rule will be undisclosed for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是未披露的。
▪ They considered the plan undisclosed after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是未披露的。
▪ The manager gave a undisclosed answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个未披露的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be undisclosed before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是未披露的的。
clore
(抵押)止赎,取消赎回权;排除
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:late 13c. 古法 forclos + clore
名 (抵押)止赎,取消赎回权;排除
▪ The foreclose is widely used in this kind of work.
止赎在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the foreclose in a safe place after use.
用后请把止赎放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the foreclose to the entrance of the building.
团队把止赎搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable foreclose at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的止赎。
-ure
止赎(权),取消抵押品赎回权
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:18c. foreclose + -ure
名 止赎(权),取消抵押品赎回权
▪ The foreclosure is widely used in this kind of work.
止赎在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the foreclosure in a safe place after use.
用后请把止赎放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the foreclosure to the entrance of the building.
团队把止赎搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable foreclosure at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的止赎。
结束的,最后的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
形 结束的,最后的
▪ The new rule will be concluding for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是结束的。
▪ They considered the plan concluding after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是结束的。
▪ The manager gave a concluding answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个结束的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be concluding before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是结束的的。
-ly。
确凿地,最后地,无可置疑地
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:conclusive + -ly。
副 确凿地,最后地,无可置疑地
▪ The team conclusively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前确凿地完成了任务。
▪ She conclusively checked the results and then signed the form.
她确凿地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were conclusively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被确凿地修改了。
▪ He spoke conclusively so that everyone could understand.
他确凿地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
-io。
包含,纳入;(社会)包容
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:15c. 拉丁 inclusionem + -io。
名 包含,纳入;(社会)包容
▪ The whole inclusion took several hours to complete.
整个包含过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper inclusion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的包含至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of inclusion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了包含的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the inclusion.
经理就包含写了一份清晰的报告。
conclusive。
非决定性的,无定论的,不能令人信服的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:in- + conclusive。
形 非决定性的,无定论的,不能令人信服的
▪ The new rule will be inconclusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是非决定性的。
▪ They considered the plan inconclusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是非决定性的。
▪ The manager gave a inconclusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个非决定性的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be inconclusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是非决定性的的。
-ly。
非决定性地,无结果地
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:inconclusive + -ly。
副 非决定性地,无结果地
▪ The team inconclusively finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前非决定性地完成了任务。
▪ She inconclusively checked the results and then signed the form.
她非决定性地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were inconclusively changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被非决定性地修改了。
▪ He spoke inconclusively so that everyone could understand.
他非决定性地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
阻止,妨碍,排除(可能性)
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:claudere。
名 阻止,妨碍,排除(可能性)
▪ The preclude is widely used in this kind of work.
阻止在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the preclude in a safe place after use.
用后请把阻止放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the preclude to the entrance of the building.
团队把阻止搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable preclude at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的阻止。
-io。
阻止,排除,预先阻断
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:15c. 拉丁 praeclusionem + -io。
名 阻止,排除,预先阻断
▪ The whole preclusion took several hours to complete.
整个阻止过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper preclusion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的阻止至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of preclusion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了阻止的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the preclusion.
经理就阻止写了一份清晰的报告。
使隔离,使隐居,把…隔开
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:claudere。
名 使隔离,使隐居,把…隔开
▪ The seclude is widely used in this kind of work.
使隔离在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the seclude in a safe place after use.
用后请把使隔离放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the seclude to the entrance of the building.
团队把使隔离搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable seclude at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的使隔离。
隐蔽的,与世隔绝的,僻静的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
形 隐蔽的,与世隔绝的,僻静的
▪ The new rule will be secluded for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是隐蔽的。
▪ They considered the plan secluded after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是隐蔽的。
▪ The manager gave a secluded answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个隐蔽的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be secluded before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是隐蔽的的。
-io。
隔离,隐居,僻静
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:17c. 中世纪拉丁 seclusionem + -io。
名 隔离,隐居,僻静
▪ The whole seclusion took several hours to complete.
整个隔离过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper seclusion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的隔离至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of seclusion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了隔离的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the seclusion.
经理就隔离写了一份清晰的报告。
隐士,隐居者;隐居的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:claudere),晚期/古法反转作「关起」。
名 隐士,隐居者;隐居的
▪ The recluse arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位隐士比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained recluse knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的隐士知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced recluse for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的隐士。
▪ The recluse answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,隐士回答了记者的提问。
-ive;20c 起多指人「深居简出的」。
隐居的,遁世的,不爱交际的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:1590s recluse + -ive;20c 起多指人「深居简出的」。
形 隐居的,遁世的,不爱交际的
▪ The new rule will be reclusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是隐居的。
▪ They considered the plan reclusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是隐居的。
▪ The manager gave a reclusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个隐居的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be reclusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是隐居的的。
claudere;牙科咬合义 1888。
堵塞,闭塞;(牙)咬合;(气象)锢囚
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:1590s 拉丁 occludere + claudere;牙科咬合义 1888。
名 堵塞,闭塞;(牙)咬合;(气象)锢囚
▪ The occlude is widely used in this kind of work.
堵塞在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the occlude in a safe place after use.
用后请把堵塞放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the occlude to the entrance of the building.
团队把堵塞搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable occlude at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的堵塞。
-io;牙科 1880。
堵塞;咬合;锢囚(锋);闭塞(音)
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:1640s 中世纪拉丁 occlusionem + -io;牙科 1880。
名 堵塞;咬合;锢囚(锋);闭塞(音)
▪ The whole occlusion took several hours to complete.
整个堵塞过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper occlusion is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的堵塞至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of occlusion with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了堵塞的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the occlusion.
经理就堵塞写了一份清晰的报告。
-al
从句的,条款的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clause + -al
形 从句的,条款的
▪ The new rule will be clausal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是从句的。
▪ They considered the plan clausal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是从句的。
▪ The manager gave a clausal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个从句的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be clausal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是从句的的。
修道院,回廊;使隐居
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
名 修道院,回廊;使隐居
▪ The cloister is widely used in this kind of work.
修道院在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the cloister in a safe place after use.
用后请把修道院放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the cloister to the entrance of the building.
团队把修道院搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable cloister at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的修道院。
隐居的,与世隔绝的;有回廊的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
形 隐居的,与世隔绝的;有回廊的
▪ The new rule will be cloistered for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是隐居的。
▪ They considered the plan cloistered after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是隐居的。
▪ The manager gave a cloistered answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个隐居的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be cloistered before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是隐居的的。
水闸,闸门;冲洗,泄洪
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
名 水闸,闸门;冲洗,泄洪
▪ The sluice is widely used in this kind of work.
水闸在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the sluice in a safe place after use.
用后请把水闸放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the sluice to the entrance of the building.
团队把水闸搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable sluice at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的水闸。
al
修道院的;隐遁的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:claustr + al
形 修道院的;隐遁的
▪ The new rule will be claustral for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是修道院的。
▪ They considered the plan claustral after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是修道院的。
▪ The manager gave a claustral answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个修道院的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be claustral before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是修道院的的。
tr
ation
幽闭,幽禁
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:claus + tr + ation
名 幽闭,幽禁
▪ The claustration is widely used in this kind of work.
幽闭在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the claustration in a safe place after use.
用后请把幽闭放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the claustration to the entrance of the building.
团队把幽闭搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable claustration at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的幽闭。
ure
(美国参议院)辩论的结束
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clot + ure
名 (美国参议院)辩论的结束
▪ The cloture is widely used in this kind of work.
辩论的结束在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the cloture in a safe place after use.
用后请把辩论的结束放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the cloture to the entrance of the building.
团队把辩论的结束搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable cloture at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的辩论的结束。
ary
排斥性的,将某些人或事物排除在外的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:exclusion + ary
形 排斥性的,将某些人或事物排除在外的
▪ The new rule will be exclusionary for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是排斥性的。
▪ They considered the plan exclusionary after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是排斥性的。
▪ The manager gave a exclusionary answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个排斥性的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be exclusionary before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是排斥性的的。
防止的,预防的
拉丁词根 clud/clus 派生:clud/clus
形 防止的,预防的
▪ The new rule will be preclusive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是防止的。
▪ They considered the plan preclusive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是防止的。
▪ The manager gave a preclusive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个防止的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be preclusive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是防止的的。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
注意:slot 与 claudere
slot「狭孔/投币口」或与 claudere 无直接关系(一说源古英语 slot「沟」),证据不足,不应硬挂入本根;close/exclude 才是 claudere 真身。
conclude 的「结束」义
拉丁 conclūdere「关到一起=了结」→conclude「结束、推断出」;conclusion 由「关闭/终点」引申为结论。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *klau-(to shut)
│
├─ 拉丁 claudō · claudere · clausī · clausum(第三变位,-s- 完成)
│ ├─ 现在词干 claud-/分词 claus-:close · clause · closet · closure
│ └─ 复合 ex-/in-/con-/dis-/en-+claudere:
│ exclude · include · conclude · disclose · enclose · exclusive · inclusive
│
├─ 日耳曼 *lōk/lahaną(格林定律 *k→l):英语 lock/latch(本族同根)
│
└─ 希腊:*klau- 无公认对应
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 claud-/clus- 同根,以 -s- 完成/分词与日耳曼 lock 同源为决定性证据。
三词干
claud-/claus-/claus- 同根;exclude 由 ex-+claudere 推出。
clausus→clos / -aus-→-os-
古法双元音简化。
25 词闭环
本页 25 词都由 claud-/claus- 加 ex-/in-/con-/dis- 复合或 -ure/-ive/-ion 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
N · 日耳曼 lock(本族)
lock
英语 lock/latch(*klau-,格林定律 *k→l)本族同根
高阶拉丁 · claus-
claus-
recluse「隐士」· cloister「回廊」· claustrophobia「幽闭恐惧」
一屏速记 · 53 词
名 条款;从句,分句
构claus
例The contract includes a new clause
动 关闭;形 结束;名 靠近的,亲密的
构close
例Please close the door
形 关闭的,封闭的;不开放的
构clos / -ed
例The shop is closed on Sundays
副 紧密地,密切地;仔细地
构close / -ly
例They watched the game closely
形 最近的,最亲密的
构clos / -est
例She is my closest friend
动 得出结论,断定;结束
构con- / clude
例They concluded the meeting with a toast
名 结论;结尾,结束;缔结
构con- / clus / -ion
例They drew a surprising conclusion
动 围住,圈起;随信附上
构en- / close
例They enclosed the garden with a fence
动 排除,排斥,不包括
构ex- / clude
例They excluded him from the team
形 独有的,专用的;排外的;高档的
构ex- / clus / -ive
例The bathroom is for his exclusive use
副 专门地,仅仅,排他地
构ex- / clus / -ive / -ly
例The room is exclusively for guests
动 包括,包含;计入
构in- / clude
例The price includes breakfast
形 包括在内的
构in- / clud / -ed
例All taxes are included
形 包含的,包括一切的;包容的
构in- / clus / -ive
例The price is all inclusive
名 狭槽,投币口;动 时段,位置;动 投放
构
例He put the coin in the slot
名 更近者;副 更接近地;副 终结者
构clos / -er
例She moved closer to the fire
名 壁橱,衣橱;动 小房间;动 把…关在小室
构clos / -et
例She hung the coat in the closet
形 结尾的,收盘的;名 关闭,结尾
构clos / -ing
例They gave closing remarks
名 关闭,结束;(心理)了结;闭包
构clos / -ure
例They called for the closure of the
形 确凿的,决定性的,无可置疑的
构con- / clus / -ive
例The evidence was conclusive
动 揭露,透露,使公开
构dis- / close
例They disclosed the hidden costs
名 披露,揭发;被披露的事
构dis- / clos / -ure
例The disclosure shocked the public
形 围住的,封闭的;随信附上的
构en- / clos / -ed
例They returned the enclosed form
名 围栏,围场;(信中)附件;圈地
构en- / clos / -ure
例They built an enclosure for the sheep
名 排除,排斥;被排除在外
构ex- / clus / -ion
例They protested the exclusion of women
名 接近;亲密;密闭,严密
源close + -ness。
构close + -ness。
例The whole closeness took several hours to complete.
名 特写镜头;细致的描写
源1913 摄影术语,close + up
构1913 摄影术语,close + up
例The close-up is widely used in this kind of work.
形 未披露的,保密的,身份不明的
源un- + disclosed
构un- + disclosed
例The new rule will be undisclosed for everyone in the group.
名 (抵押)止赎,取消赎回权;排除
源late 13c. 古法 forclos + clore
构late 13c. 古法 forclos + clore
例The foreclose is widely used in this kind of work.
名 止赎(权),取消抵押品赎回权
源18c. foreclose + -ure
构18c. foreclose + -ure
例The foreclosure is widely used in this kind of work.
形 结束的,最后的
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The new rule will be concluding for everyone in the group.
副 确凿地,最后地,无可置疑地
源conclusive + -ly。
构conclusive + -ly。
例The team conclusively finished the task before the deadline.
名 包含,纳入;(社会)包容
源15c. 拉丁 inclusionem + -io。
构15c. 拉丁 inclusionem + -io。
例The whole inclusion took several hours to complete.
形 非决定性的,无定论的,不能令人信服的
源in- + conclusive。
构in- + conclusive。
例The new rule will be inconclusive for everyone in the group.
副 非决定性地,无结果地
源inconclusive + -ly。
构inconclusive + -ly。
例The team inconclusively finished the task before the deadline.
名 阻止,妨碍,排除(可能性)
源claudere。
构claudere。
例The preclude is widely used in this kind of work.
名 阻止,排除,预先阻断
源15c. 拉丁 praeclusionem + -io。
构15c. 拉丁 praeclusionem + -io。
例The whole preclusion took several hours to complete.
名 使隔离,使隐居,把…隔开
源claudere。
构claudere。
例The seclude is widely used in this kind of work.
形 隐蔽的,与世隔绝的,僻静的
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The new rule will be secluded for everyone in the group.
名 隔离,隐居,僻静
源17c. 中世纪拉丁 seclusionem + -io。
构17c. 中世纪拉丁 seclusionem + -io。
例The whole seclusion took several hours to complete.
名 隐士,隐居者;隐居的
源claudere),晚期/古法反转作「关起」。
构claudere),晚期/古法反转作「关起」。
例The recluse arrived at the office earlier than usual.
形 隐居的,遁世的,不爱交际的
源1590s recluse + -ive;20c 起多指人「深居简出的」。
构1590s recluse + -ive;20c 起多指人「深居简出的」。
例The new rule will be reclusive for everyone in the group.
名 堵塞,闭塞;(牙)咬合;(气象)锢囚
源1590s 拉丁 occludere + claudere;牙科咬合义 1888。
构1590s 拉丁 occludere + claudere;牙科咬合义 1888。
例The occlude is widely used in this kind of work.
名 堵塞;咬合;锢囚(锋);闭塞(音)
源1640s 中世纪拉丁 occlusionem + -io;牙科 1880。
构1640s 中世纪拉丁 occlusionem + -io;牙科 1880。
例The whole occlusion took several hours to complete.
形 从句的,条款的
源clause + -al
构clause + -al
例The new rule will be clausal for everyone in the group.
名 修道院,回廊;使隐居
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The cloister is widely used in this kind of work.
形 隐居的,与世隔绝的;有回廊的
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The new rule will be cloistered for everyone in the group.
名 水闸,闸门;冲洗,泄洪
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The sluice is widely used in this kind of work.
形 修道院的;隐遁的
源claustr + al
构claustr + al
例The new rule will be claustral for everyone in the group.
名 幽闭,幽禁
源claus + tr + ation
构claus + tr + ation
例The claustration is widely used in this kind of work.
名 (美国参议院)辩论的结束
源clot + ure
构clot + ure
例The cloture is widely used in this kind of work.
形 排斥性的,将某些人或事物排除在外的
源exclusion + ary
构exclusion + ary
例The new rule will be exclusionary for everyone in the group.
形 防止的,预防的
源clud/clus
构clud/clus
例The new rule will be preclusive for everyone in the group.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
clud/clus 在三条线上的同根字根(点击可跳转)。

