LATIN ROOT · L121 · 拉丁字根
spond / spons承诺;回应
PIE root *spend-「vow, pledge」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
同一个印欧根「立誓、承诺」,在拉丁分化为 spondēre;英语词多经古法语 -spond-/-spons- 两支进入。
*spend- → Latin spondēre「to promise, pledge」;完成分词 spons-
spond- / spons-
respond · response · sponsor · spouse · correspond(详见本页)
*spend- 旁支 σπένδο(spéndō)「奠酒立誓」G 篇待补
spend-
希腊 σπονδή(spondē)「奠酒、誓言」;英语无独立希腊借词
本根无可靠日耳曼继承;英语 spouse/sponsor 皆拉丁借词
—N 篇待补
英语无本族同源词
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
拉丁动词靠三个词干分担时态;spondēre 的完成时是重叠式 spopondī。
PRESENT 现在词干
spond-
spondēre / spondē|第二变位,连接元音 -ē-
respond · correspond · despond(现在词干)
PERFECT 完成词干
spopond-
spopondī|重叠完成(spo-spond-),英语不直接借此词干
拉丁完成时:spopondī「我立了约」
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
spōns-
spōnsum / spōnsus|加完成分词后缀 -s-(-d-→-s-)
response · sponsor · spouse · responsible
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 spondēre 到英语各词,四次关键语音—形态调整。
①完成分词 -d-→-s-
词根 spond- 加完成分词后缀时,词尾浊塞音 d 清化为 s:spond-to- → spōnsus。response、sponsor、spouse 全用这个 spons- 词干。
②sponsus 经古法脱落尾音
拉丁 spōnsum → 古法语 response/spons;spōnsa「未婚妻」→ 古法 spouse,词尾元音脱落。
③spouse 的 /aʊ/ 演变
拉丁 spōnsus /spōnsa/ 经古法语 espos/spouse,双元音化,现代英语 spouse 读 /spaʊz/(词尾 -se 浊化 /z/)。
④-bilis / -bundus 后缀入英
晚期拉丁 respōnsābilis「可应答的」→ 古法语 responsible;-bilis 在英语作 -ble(responsible, ir-responsible)。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
spondeō 是第二变位动词;四主形给出三词干,英语词挂在现在词干 spond- 与分词词干 spons- 上。
现在 1sg
spondeō
我立约
现在不定式
spondēre
to promise
完成 1sg
spopondī
我立约了(重叠)
目的分词
spōnsum
被承诺(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第二变位(连接元音 -ē-)
| 人称/格 | 形式 | 形式 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | spondeō | spondeor | spond-ē-ō |
| 2 sg | spondēs | spondēris | spond-ē-s |
| 3 sg | spondet | spondētur | spond-ē-t |
| 1 pl | spondēmus | spondēmur | spond-ē-mus |
| 2 pl | spondētis | spondēminī | spond-ē-tis |
| 3 pl | spondent | spondentur | spond-ent |
三个关键事实:① 完成时 spopondī 是重叠式(spo- 重叠),不是 -v- 也不是元音拉长;② 分词词干 spōns- 由 spond- 的 d 清化而来;③ spouse 来自 spōnsa「订婚的女方」,由「立约成婚」引申为「配偶」。
despondent 是「放下指望」
拉丁 dēspondēre 由 dē-「离开、去掉」+spondēre「承诺、指望」构成,原义「把婚约放弃、对事松手」,后引申「失去指望、心灰意冷」,故 despondent=沮丧的。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
spondēre 核心是「立誓承诺」,向「回应、负责、配偶」三条线引申。
→
→
→
→
→
→
符合、一致;通信
中世纪拉丁 correspondēre「彼此回应、相应」=cor-(com- 一起,r 前同化)+respondēre「回答」。
动 符合、一致;通信
▪ His actions do not correspond with his words.
他言行不一。
▪ The two maps correspond exactly.
这两张地图完全吻合。
▪ She corresponds with her old teacher by email.
她与年迈的老师通信。
▪ The numbers correspond to the order of names.
这些数字与姓名顺序一一对应。
通信(往来);信件;符合、一致
古法语 correspondance<中世纪拉丁 correspondentia<correspondēre「彼此回应」。
名 通信(往来);信件;符合、一致
▪ She kept up a long correspondence with her pen pal.
她与笔友保持了长期通信。
▪ The lawyer handled a vast correspondence.
这位律师处理大量信件。
▪ There is a close correspondence between the two results.
两个结果高度一致。
▪ His correspondence to the truth is remarkable.
他的说法与事实惊人地吻合。
回应、答复;作出反应
古法语 respondre<拉丁 respondēre「promise in return, answer 回诺、回答」=re-(back)+spondēre「承诺」。
动 回应、答复;作出反应
▪ She responded to my email at once.
她立刻回复了我的邮件。
▪ The car responds well to the controls.
这辆车操控起来反应灵敏。
▪ The patient responded quickly to the treatment.
病人对治疗反应迅速。
▪ He responded with a smile.
他报以微笑。
回答、答复;响应、反应
古法语 response<拉丁 respōnsum(respondēre「answer」的中性过去分词名词化)。
名 回答、答复;响应、反应
▪ I got no response to my question.
我的问题没有得到回答。
▪ The quick response saved many lives.
迅速的反应救了许多人的命。
▪ Her response surprised everyone.
她的反应让所有人意外。
▪ The company issued a quick response.
公司迅速作出回应。
责任、职责;责任心
responsible(负责的)+-ity(-itās 性质)。
名 责任、职责;责任心
▪ She took full responsibility for the mistake.
她为这个错误负全责。
▪ Raising children is a huge responsibility.
养儿育女是重大的责任。
▪ He lacks a sense of responsibility.
他缺乏责任心。
▪ The responsibility lies with the manager.
责任在经理身上。
负责的、有责任的;可靠的;是…的原因
古法语 responsible<晚期拉丁 respōnsābilis「answerable」<respondēre「answer」。
形 负责的、有责任的;可靠的;是…的原因
▪ Who is responsible for this mess.
这摊乱摊子是谁造成的。
▪ She is a responsible and reliable worker.
她是个负责又可靠的员工。
▪ Bad weather was responsible for the delay.
恶劣天气是延误的原因。
▪ The bus driver is responsible for the passengers.
公交车司机对乘客负责。
赞助商、赞助人;担保人、教父教母;v. 赞助、发起
晚期拉丁 sponsor「洗礼保证人」,古典拉丁「surety, bondsman 担保人」<spōnsus(spondēre 的过去分词)+-or。
名 赞助商、赞助人;担保人、教父教母;v. 赞助、发起
▪ The bank sponsored the art exhibition.
这家银行赞助了这次艺术展。
▪ A local firm sponsored the youth team.
一家当地公司赞助了青年队。
▪ She acted as sponsor for the new bill.
她是这项新法案的发起人。
▪ The godfather is the sponsor of the child.
教父是孩子的宗教保证人。
配偶(夫或妻)
古法语 spos/spous(阳性 espous,阴性 spouse)<拉丁 spōnsus/spōnsa「betrothed man/woman 订过婚的人」<spondēre「立婚约」。
名 配偶(夫或妻)
▪ Each employee may bring a spouse to the dinner.
每位员工可带一位配偶出席晚宴。
▪ He and his spouse have lived here for thirty years.
他和配偶在这里住了三十年。
▪ The form asks for the name of the spouse.
表格要求填写配偶姓名。
▪ She visited her spouse in the hospital.
她去医院探望配偶。
通讯员、记者;通信者;adj. 符合的
古法语 correspondant<中世纪拉丁 correspondent-(correspondēre 的现在分词)。
名 通讯员、记者;通信者;adj. 符合的
▪ The war correspondent reported from the front.
这位战地记者从前线发回报道。
▪ She is the BBC correspondent in Berlin.
她是 BBC 驻柏林记者。
▪ The two outcomes are not correspondent.
这两个结果并不一致。
▪ He was a frequent correspondent of the poet.
他与那位诗人常有书信往来。
相应的、对应的;通信的
correspond(相应/通信)的现在分词形容词。
形 相应的、对应的;通信的
▪ The book and its corresponding film were both hits.
这本书和相应的电影都很成功。
▪ Income rose with a corresponding rise in spending.
收入增加了,支出也相应增加。
▪ Each button has a corresponding command.
每个按钮都对应一条命令。
▪ She held the corresponding post in London.
她在伦敦担任相应的职务。
沮丧的、消沉的、心灰意冷的
拉丁 dēspondent-(dēspondēre「give up, lose heart 放弃、丧气」的现在分词)=dē-(away)+spondēre。
形 沮丧的、消沉的、心灰意冷的
▪ He felt despondent after failing the exam.
考试不及格后他心灰意冷。
▪ She grew despondent about the future.
她对未来感到沮丧。
▪ The lost hikers were cold and despondent.
迷路的徒步者又冷又绝望。
▪ Do not become despondent over one defeat.
别因为一次失败就消沉。
支持、拥护(主张);娶、嫁(古义)
古法语 espouser<拉丁 spōnsāre「betroth 订婚」(spondēre 的频次动词)<spōnsus。
动 支持、拥护(主张);娶、嫁(古义)
▪ She espoused the cause of equal rights for women.
她拥护妇女权益事业。
▪ The politician espoused tax reform.
这位政客主张税制改革。
▪ He espoused her in the spring of 1890.
他于1890年春娶她为妻。
▪ The group espouses a simpler lifestyle.
这个团体倡导更简朴的生活方式。
不负责任的、不可靠的
ir-(in- 不,r 前同化)+responsible(负责的)。
形 不负责任的、不可靠的
▪ It was irresponsible to leave the baby alone.
把婴儿单独留下是不负责任的。
▪ He called the decision irresponsible.
他称这个决定很轻率。
▪ An irresponsible driver risks the lives of all.
不负责任的司机拿所有人的性命冒险。
▪ She found his behavior childish and irresponsible.
她觉得他的行为幼稚又不靠谱。
回答者、(问卷)受访者;(法律)被告;adj. 回应的
拉丁 respondent-(respondēre「answer」的现在分词)。
名 回答者、(问卷)受访者;(法律)被告;adj. 回应的
▪ The survey asked each respondent to rate the service.
调查要求每位受访者给服务打分。
▪ The respondent in the lawsuit appealed.
诉讼中的被告提出上诉。
▪ Most respondents preferred tea to coffee.
大多数受访者更喜欢茶而不是咖啡。
▪ The respondent answered all questions politely.
受访者礼貌地回答了所有问题。
回答者、响应者;应答器
respond(回应)+-er(…者/器)。
名 回答者、响应者;应答器
▪ Emergency responders reached the fire in minutes.
急救人员几分钟内就赶到火场。
▪ The device acts as a responder to the signal.
这个装置充当信号应答器。
▪ There were only three responders to the ad.
只有三个人应征这则广告。
▪ First responders saved the trapped driver.
急救人员救出了被困的司机。
负责地、可靠地、明事理地
responsible(负责的)+-ly。
副 负责地、可靠地、明事理地
▪ Teenagers should be treated responsibly.
应该以负责任的态度对待青少年。
▪ She handled the money responsibly.
她花钱很谨慎负责。
▪ Drink responsibly and do not drive.
饮酒要适量,切勿酒后驾车。
▪ The company acted responsibly toward its workers.
公司对员工负责。
响应迅速的、反应积极的;回应的
拉丁 respōnsus(回答)+-ivus(-ive …的)。
形 响应迅速的、反应积极的;回应的
▪ The government was slow to be responsive to the crisis.
政府对危机反应迟缓。
▪ The disease is responsive to antibiotics.
这种病对抗生素有反应。
▪ She has been responsive to new ideas.
她乐于接受新想法。
▪ The steering of the car is quick and responsive.
这辆车转向灵敏。
赞助、资助;担保;提案发起
sponsor(赞助/担保)+-ship(古英语 -scipe 身份/行为)。
名 赞助、资助;担保;提案发起
▪ The race relies on corporate sponsorship.
这项赛事依赖企业赞助。
▪ Thanks to the sponsorship, the clinic opened.
靠这笔赞助,诊所得以开办。
▪ The senator announced his sponsorship of the bill.
这位参议员宣布发起这项法案。
▪ sponsorship of the arts has declined.
对艺术的赞助减少了。
相应地、对应地
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
副 相应地、对应地
▪ The team correspondingly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前相应地完成了任务。
▪ She correspondingly checked the results and then signed the form.
她相应地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were correspondingly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被相应地修改了。
▪ He spoke correspondingly so that everyone could understand.
他相应地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
沮丧、灰心、泄气(文学用语)
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 沮丧、灰心、泄气(文学用语)
▪ The despond is widely used in this kind of work.
沮丧在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the despond in a safe place after use.
用后请把沮丧放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the despond to the entrance of the building.
团队把沮丧搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable despond at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的沮丧。
沮丧、消沉、心灰意冷
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 沮丧、消沉、心灰意冷
▪ The whole despondency took several hours to complete.
整个沮丧过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper despondency is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的沮丧至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of despondency with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了沮丧的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the despondency.
经理就沮丧写了一份清晰的报告。
沮丧地、消沉地
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
副 沮丧地、消沉地
▪ The team despondently finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前沮丧地完成了任务。
▪ She despondently checked the results and then signed the form.
她沮丧地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were despondently changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被沮丧地修改了。
▪ He spoke despondently so that everyone could understand.
他沮丧地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
应答器、转发器、异频雷达收发机
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 应答器、转发器、异频雷达收发机
▪ The transponder is widely used in this kind of work.
应答器在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the transponder in a safe place after use.
用后请把应答器放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the transponder to the entrance of the building.
团队把应答器搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable transponder at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的应答器。
共同赞助人、联合发起人;共同赞助
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 共同赞助人、联合发起人;共同赞助
▪ The cosponsor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位共同赞助人比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained cosponsor knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的共同赞助人知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced cosponsor for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的共同赞助人。
▪ The cosponsor answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,共同赞助人回答了记者的提问。
拥护、支持;(pl.) 订婚、婚礼(古义)
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 拥护、支持;(pl.) 订婚、婚礼(古义)
▪ The espousal arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位拥护比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained espousal knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的拥护知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced espousal for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的拥护。
▪ The espousal answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,拥护回答了记者的提问。
无责任感、不负责任
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 无责任感、不负责任
▪ The whole irresponsibility took several hours to complete.
整个无责任感过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper irresponsibility is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的无责任感至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of irresponsibility with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了无责任感的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the irresponsibility.
经理就无责任感写了一份清晰的报告。
不负责任地
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
副 不负责任地
▪ The team irresponsibly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前不负责任地完成了任务。
▪ She irresponsibly checked the results and then signed the form.
她不负责任地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were irresponsibly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被不负责任地修改了。
▪ He spoke irresponsibly so that everyone could understand.
他不负责任地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
响应性、反应灵敏;热情回应
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
名 响应性、反应灵敏;热情回应
▪ The whole responsiveness took several hours to complete.
整个响应性过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper responsiveness is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的响应性至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of responsiveness with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了响应性的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the responsiveness.
经理就响应性写了一份清晰的报告。
婚姻的、配偶的;n.(pl.) 婚礼
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
形 婚姻的、配偶的;n.(pl.) 婚礼
▪ The new rule will be spousal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是婚姻的。
▪ They considered the plan spousal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是婚姻的。
▪ The manager gave a spousal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个婚姻的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be spousal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是婚姻的的。
无反应的、反应冷淡的;不回答的
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:spond/spons
形 无反应的、反应冷淡的;不回答的
▪ The new rule will be unresponsive for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是无反应的。
▪ They considered the plan unresponsive after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是无反应的。
▪ The manager gave a unresponsive answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个无反应的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be unresponsive before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是无反应的的。
spond
ence
沮丧,失望,等于despondency
拉丁词根 spond/spons 派生:de + spond + ence
名 沮丧,失望,等于despondency
▪ The despondence is widely used in this kind of work.
沮丧在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the despondence in a safe place after use.
用后请把沮丧放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the despondence to the entrance of the building.
团队把沮丧搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable despondence at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的沮丧。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
spouse 与 espouse 是一对「被语义切开」的同源词
spouse 是名词「配偶」(spōnsa),espouse 是动词「拥护、支持」(古法 espouser<spōnsāre「订婚」)——二者同出 spondēre「立约」,一个留在婚姻义、一个引申为「拥护主张」。
注意:respond / correspond 里的 -spond 才是本根
response、sponsor 用分词词干 spons-;respond、correspond、despond 用现在词干 spond-。同一动词的两个词干在英语里显出 -spond- 与 -spons- 两套拼写。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *spend-(vow, pledge, pour libation) ← 希腊 σπένδο(奠酒立誓)
│
├─ 拉丁 spondeō · spondēre · spopondī · spōnsum(第二变位,重叠完成)
│ ├─ 现在词干 spond-:respond · correspond · despond · respond-ent
│ ├─ 分词词干 spōns-:response · sponsor · responsible · spouse · espouse
│ └─ 复合:cor-(com-)+respond=correspond · re-+spons=response
│
└─ 希腊 σπένδο/σπονδή(奠酒、誓言):英语无独立希腊借词
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 spond/spons 同根,用三重证据法,拉丁分词词干的 d→s 清化是关键。
三词干 / d→s
现在 spond-/完成 spopond-/分词 spōns- 同根;d 在分词后缀前清化为 s,可由拉丁音变规则推出。
-d-→-s-//aʊ/
spōnsus 显示浊塞清化;spouse 经古法双元音化读 /spaʊz/。
18 词闭环
本页 18 词都能由 spond-/spons- 加常规后缀生成,无一例外。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
G · 希腊 σπένδο(spéndō,奠酒立誓)
σπένδο / σπονδή
σπονδή「奠酒、缔约之酒」;与拉丁 spondēre 共享「以奠酒立誓」的仪式义
N · 日耳曼
—
本根无可靠日耳曼继承;英语相关词全为拉丁借词,本族侧无对形
sponsion
n 担保;承诺(拉丁 sponsiō)
一屏速记 · 31 词
动 符合、一致;通信
源中世纪拉丁 correspondēre「彼此回应、相…
例His actions do not correspond with his words.
名 通信(往来);信件;符合、一致
源古法语 correspondance<中世纪拉丁 c…
例She kept up a long correspondence with her pen
动 回应、答复;作出反应
源古法语 respondre<拉丁 respondēr…
例She responded to my email at once.
名 回答、答复;响应、反应
源古法语 response<拉丁 respōnsum(…
例I got no response to my question.
名 责任、职责;责任心
源responsible(负责的)+-ity(-itā…
例She took full responsibility for the mistake.
形 负责的、有责任的;可靠的;是…的原因
源古法语 responsible<晚期拉丁 respō…
例Who is responsible for this mess.
名 赞助商、赞助人;担保人、教父教母;v. 赞助、发起
源晚期拉丁 sponsor「洗礼保证人」,古典拉丁「s…
例The bank sponsored the art exhibition.
名 配偶(夫或妻)
源古法语 spos/spous(阳性 espous,阴…
例Each employee may bring a spouse to the dinner
名 通讯员、记者;通信者;adj. 符合的
源古法语 correspondant<中世纪拉丁 co…
例The war correspondent reported from the front.
形 相应的、对应的;通信的
源correspond(相应/通信)的现在分词形容词。
例The book and its corresponding film were both
形 沮丧的、消沉的、心灰意冷的
源拉丁 dēspondent-(dēspondēre「…
例He felt despondent after failing the exam.
动 支持、拥护(主张);娶、嫁(古义)
源古法语 espouser<拉丁 spōnsāre「b…
例She espoused the cause of equal rights for wom
形 不负责任的、不可靠的
源ir-(in- 不,r 前同化)+responsib…
例It was irresponsible to leave the baby alone.
名 回答者、(问卷)受访者;(法律)被告;adj. 回应的
源拉丁 respondent-(respondēre「…
例The survey asked each respondent to rate the s
名 回答者、响应者;应答器
源respond(回应)+-er(…者/器)。
例Emergency responders reached the fire in minut
副 负责地、可靠地、明事理地
源responsible(负责的)+-ly。
例Teenagers should be treated responsibly.
形 响应迅速的、反应积极的;回应的
源拉丁 respōnsus(回答)+-ivus(-iv…
例The government was slow to be responsive to th
名 赞助、资助;担保;提案发起
源sponsor(赞助/担保)+-ship(古英语 -…
例The race relies on corporate sponsorship.
副 相应地、对应地
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The team correspondingly finished the task before the deadline.
名 沮丧、灰心、泄气(文学用语)
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The despond is widely used in this kind of work.
名 沮丧、消沉、心灰意冷
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The whole despondency took several hours to complete.
副 沮丧地、消沉地
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The team despondently finished the task before the deadline.
名 应答器、转发器、异频雷达收发机
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The transponder is widely used in this kind of work.
名 共同赞助人、联合发起人;共同赞助
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The cosponsor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 拥护、支持;(pl.) 订婚、婚礼(古义)
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The espousal arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 无责任感、不负责任
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The whole irresponsibility took several hours to complete.
副 不负责任地
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The team irresponsibly finished the task before the deadline.
名 响应性、反应灵敏;热情回应
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The whole responsiveness took several hours to complete.
形 婚姻的、配偶的;n.(pl.) 婚礼
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The new rule will be spousal for everyone in the group.
形 无反应的、反应冷淡的;不回答的
源spond/spons
构spond/spons
例The new rule will be unresponsive for everyone in the group.
名 沮丧,失望,等于despondency
源de + spond + ence
构de + spond + ence
例The despondence is widely used in this kind of work.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
spond / spons 在拉丁、希腊、日耳曼三条线上的同根字根(点击可跳转)。
G 篇待补 · σπένδο(奠酒立誓)
N 篇待补 · 无日耳曼继承

