LATIN ROOT · L144 · 拉丁字根
vit / viv活;生命
PIE root *gʷih₃w-「to live」
同源词跨语言对照 COGNATES ACROSS LANGUAGES
印欧根「活」在生出拉丁 vīvere;英语 survive/vital/vivid/revive 同根,biology 是希腊同源。
*gʷih₃w- → Latin vīvere「to live」;分词 vict-
viv- / vit-
survive · vital · vivid · revive · vitamin · vivo(详见本页)
*gʷih₃w- → Greek bios「生命」(βίος)G 篇待补
bi-
英语 biology/biography/amphibian 借自希腊
*gʷih₃w- → 古英语 quick「活的」N 篇待补
quick-
英语 quick「快」本族继承(原义「活的」)
词根的三词干 THREE STEMS OF THE LATIN VERB
vīvere 是第三变位动词;完成时 vīxī(-x-),分词 victum。
PRESENT 现在词干
vīv-
vīvere / vīvō|第三变位
survive · revive · vivid · vital
PERFECT 完成词干
vīx-
vīxī|-x-=-cs-,英语不直接借
拉丁完成时:vīxī「我活了」
PARTICIPLE 分词词干
vict-
victum / victus|分词后缀 -t-(注意:与 vict「征服」同形不同根)
victim(误)· vivify
音变小注 SOUND CHANGES
从拉丁 vīvere 到现代英语各词,四次关键调整。
①分词后缀 -t-
vīvere 的完成分词 victus「活的」;注意与 vincere 的 victus「征服」同形不同根。
②super- + viv = survive
拉丁 supervīvere「super- 超过 + vīvere 活」=「活下来」→ survive「幸存」。
③re- + viv = revive
拉丁 revīvere「re- 再 + vīvere 活」→ revive「复活」。
④vitalis → vital
拉丁 vitalis「生命的」<vita「生命」→ 古法 vital → 英语 vital「至关重要的」。
形态纵深 MORPHOLOGY
vīvō 是第三变位动词;四主形给出三词干,英语词挂现在词干 vīv-。
现在 1sg
vīvō
我活
现在不定式
vīvere
to live
完成 1sg
vīxī
我活了
目的分词
victum
活过(分词词干)
现在时变位 · 第三变位(连接元音 -e-/-i-/-u-)
| 人称/格 | 形式 | 形式 | 词结构 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | vīvō | vīvor | vīv-ō |
| 2 sg | vīvis | vīveris | vīv-is |
| 3 sg | vīvit | vīvitur | vīv-it |
| 1 pl | vīvimus | vīvimur | vīv-imus |
| 2 pl | vīvitis | vīvitiminī | vīv-itis |
| 3 pl | vīvunt | vīvuntur | vīv-unt |
三个关键事实:① 完成 vīxī 的 -x-=-cs-;② survive=super-「超过」+vīvere=活下来;③ biology 是希腊同源(bios「生命」)。
vitamin 是「生命胺」
1912 年波兰化学家 Funk 造 vitamine「vita 生命 + amine 胺」,以为含胺;后证实多不含胺,词尾去 -e 作 vitamin。
语义地图 SEMANTIC MAP
vīvere 核心是「活」,向「幸存、复活、生命」三条线引申。
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抗生素 adj. 抗生的
anti-「对抗」+Gk biōtikós「生命的」
名 抗生素 adj. 抗生的
▪ The doctor prescribed an antibiotic.
医生开了抗生素。
▪ Antibiotics kill bacteria.
抗生素杀死细菌。
▪ She took the antibiotic for ten days.
她吃了十天抗生素。
▪ Overuse makes antibiotics weaker.
过度使用会使抗生素失效。
自传
Gk autos「自己」+bios「一生」+graphein「写」
名 自传
▪ She wrote her autobiography.
她写了自传。
▪ The autobiography became a bestseller.
这部自传成了畅销书。
▪ He read the autobiography of the general.
他读了那位将军的自传。
▪ Her autobiography covers thirty years.
她的自传写了三十年。
传记
Gk bios「一生」+graphein「写」
名 传记
▪ I am reading a biography of Darwin.
我在读达尔文传。
▪ The biography was well researched.
这本传记资料翔实。
▪ She wrote a biography of her father.
她写了父亲的传记。
▪ The biography reveals many secrets.
这本传记揭示了许多秘密。
生物学
Gk bios「生命」+-logia「学」;1802 年 Treviranus 与拉马克确立
名 生物学
▪ She studies biology at university.
她在大学学生物。
▪ biology explains living things.
生物学研究生物。
▪ They learned about cells in biology.
他们在生物课上学了细胞。
▪ Marine biology fascinates her.
海洋生物学让她着迷。
快的;活的(古义)
OE cwic「活着的」<Gmc *kwikwaz<*gʷiHwó-<*gʷeih₃-「活」
形 快的;活的(古义)
▪ She gave a quick answer.
她迅速回答。
▪ We had a quick lunch.
我们匆匆吃了午饭。
▪ He is quick at math.
他数学反应快。
▪ Take a quick look.
快速看一眼。
快地;迅速地
quick+-ly
副 快地;迅速地
▪ She quickly finished the work.
她很快完成了工作。
▪ The night passed quickly.
夜晚过得很快。
▪ He ran quickly to the door.
他快步跑到门口。
▪ The news spread quickly.
消息传得很快。
复兴;复苏;(旧剧)重演
revive+-al
名 复兴;复苏;(旧剧)重演
▪ There is a revival of interest in folk music.
民间音乐重新流行起来。
▪ The town staged a revival of the old play.
镇上重演了那出老戏。
▪ Economic revival took years.
经济复苏花了多年。
▪ The religious revival swept the land.
宗教复兴席卷全国。
复活;复兴
L revīvere「再活」=re-「再」+vīvere「活」,经 OFr revivre
动 复活;复兴
▪ The fresh air revived her.
新鲜空气使她恢复了精神。
▪ They revived the old tradition.
他们恢复了老传统。
▪ The doctors revived the patient.
医生救活了病人。
▪ Interest in vinyl has revived.
人们对黑胶唱片重新产生了兴趣。
幸存;残存
survive+-al
名 幸存;残存
▪ The survival of the fittest.
适者生存。
▪ His survival in the wild amazed us.
他在野外活了下来,让我们惊讶。
▪ The survival of the company was at risk.
公司的生存岌岌可危。
▪ They fought for survival.
他们为生存而战。
幸存;比…活得长
OFr survivre<LL supervīvere「活得超过」=super-「超过」+vīvere「活」
动 幸存;比…活得长
▪ Only three people survived the crash.
只有三人在坠机中幸存。
▪ She survived her husband by ten years.
她比丈夫多活了十年。
▪ The tradition survives today.
这一传统延续至今。
▪ We survived the storm.
我们熬过了风暴。
至关重要的;生命的
L vītālis「有生命的」<vīta「生命」<vīvere「活」
形 至关重要的;生命的
▪ Sleep is vital to health.
睡眠对健康至关重要。
▪ The heart is a vital organ.
心脏是重要器官。
▪ She made a vital contribution.
她做出了重大贡献。
▪ The vital signs are stable.
生命体征平稳。
活力;生命力
vital+-ity
名 活力;生命力
▪ She is full of vitality.
她充满活力。
▪ The music has great vitality.
这音乐极有生命力。
▪ He regained his vitality after rest.
休息后他恢复了活力。
▪ The city buzzes with vitality.
这座城市生机勃勃。
维生素
1912 年 Funk 造 vitamine=vita「生命」+amine「胺」;后发现多数不含胺,1920 年去 e
名 维生素
▪ Oranges are rich in vitamin C.
橙子富含维生素C。
▪ She takes a daily vitamin pill.
她每天吃维生素片。
▪ vitamin D comes from sunlight.
维生素D来自阳光。
▪ A balanced diet gives enough vitamins.
均衡饮食能提供足够维生素。
生动的;鲜艳的
L vīvidus「有生气的、鲜活的」<vīvus「活的」+-idus
形 生动的;鲜艳的
▪ She gave a vivid description.
她作了生动的描述。
▪ The dress was a vivid red.
裙子是鲜艳的红色。
▪ He has vivid memories of childhood.
他对童年记忆犹新。
▪ The dream was so vivid.
那个梦太真实了。
威士忌
Ir uisce beatha「生命之水」=uisce「水」+beatha「生命」(*gʷeih₃-)
名 威士忌
▪ He ordered a glass of whiskey.
他点了一杯威士忌。
▪ Irish whiskey is smooth.
爱尔兰威士忌口感柔和。
▪ She sipped her whiskey slowly.
她慢慢啜饮威士忌。
▪ The whiskey aged ten years.
这种威士忌陈酿了十年。
黄道带;十二宫
Gk zōidiakos (kyklos)「动物(形象的)环」<zōidion「小动物」(zōon 指小)
名 黄道带;十二宫
▪ The zodiac has twelve signs.
黄道带分为十二宫。
▪ She reads her zodiac sign every day.
她每天看自己的星座运势。
▪ The zodiac wheel turns slowly.
黄道带缓缓转动。
▪ Which is your zodiac sign.
你是什么星座。
动物园
zoological garden 缩写(1847 伦敦动物园);Gk zōon「动物」<*gʷeih₃-「活」
名 动物园
▪ The children love the zoo.
孩子们喜欢动物园。
▪ We saw pandas at the zoo.
我们在动物园看了熊猫。
▪ The zoo opened a new exhibit.
动物园新开了一个展区。
▪ It was a zoo in the classroom.
教室里乱成一团。
两栖动物 adj. 两栖的
Gk amphibios「过双重生活的」=amphi-「两类」+bios「生活」
名 两栖动物 adj. 两栖的
▪ Frogs are amphibians.
青蛙是两栖动物。
▪ The amphibian lives both on land and water.
这种两栖动物既在陆地也在水中生活。
▪ They studied amphibians in the pond.
他们研究池塘里的两栖动物。
▪ The amphibian tank holds turtles.
两栖动物饲养箱里养着龟。
阿夸维特(北欧烈酒)
L aqua vītae「生命之水」(蒸馏烈酒旧称)经斯堪的纳维亚语
名 阿夸维特(北欧烈酒)
▪ aquavit is a Scandinavian spirit.
阿夸维特是一种北欧烈酒。
▪ They drank aquavit at the feast.
宴会上他们喝阿夸维特。
▪ aquavit has a caraway flavor.
阿夸维特有葛缕子味。
▪ She brought a bottle of aquavit.
她带了一瓶阿夸维特。
金钟柏;(解剖)脑树
L arbor vītae「生命之树」(常绿柏科;小脑剖面呈树形)
名 金钟柏;(解剖)脑树
▪ The arborvitae hedge grows tall.
金钟柏树篱长得很高。
▪ arborvitae means tree of life.
arborvitae 意为生命之树。
▪ The garden planted arborvitae.
花园里种了金钟柏。
▪ The brain shows an arborvitae shape.
脑内呈脑树状结构。
氮(旧称)
Fr azote(Lavoisier)<Gk a-「无」+zōē「生命」(*gʷeih₃-)
名 氮(旧称)
▪ azote is an old name for nitrogen.
azote 是氮的旧称。
▪ The chemist studied azote.
化学家研究氮。
▪ azote makes up most of the air.
氮气占空气的大部分。
▪ Early scientists called nitrogen azote.
早期科学家把氮叫作 azote。
可生物降解的
bio-+degrade+-able
形 可生物降解的
▪ Use biodegradable bags.
使用可降解塑料袋。
▪ The box is fully biodegradable.
这个盒子可完全生物降解。
▪ biodegradable waste feeds the soil.
可生物降解废物滋养土壤。
▪ Choose biodegradable soap.
选可生物降解的肥皂。
生物多样性
bio-+diversity
名 生物多样性
▪ Rainforests have rich biodiversity.
雨林生物多样性丰富。
▪ Pollution threatens biodiversity.
污染威胁生物多样性。
▪ They study ocean biodiversity.
他们研究海洋生物多样性。
▪ Protected areas preserve biodiversity.
保护区保护生物多样性。
传记作家
biography+-er
名 传记作家
▪ The biographer interviewed many friends.
传记作家采访了许多朋友。
▪ She is a famous biographer.
她是著名传记作家。
▪ The biographer spent ten years on the book.
传记作家为这本书花了十年。
▪ A good biographer checks facts.
好的传记作家会核查事实。
传记的
biography+-ical
形 传记的
▪ He gave biographical details.
他提供了生平细节。
▪ The book has a biographical note.
书后有作者小传。
▪ The museum offers biographical talks.
博物馆举办人物生平讲座。
▪ The biographical film moved us.
这部传记电影打动了我们。
欢宴的;快活友好的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 欢宴的;快活友好的
▪ The new rule will be convivial for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是欢宴的。
▪ They considered the plan convivial after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是欢宴的。
▪ The manager gave a convivial answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个欢宴的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be convivial before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是欢宴的的。
欢宴;欢乐气氛
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 欢宴;欢乐气氛
▪ The whole conviviality took several hours to complete.
整个欢宴过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper conviviality is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的欢宴至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of conviviality with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了欢宴的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the conviviality.
经理就欢宴写了一份清晰的报告。
使失去生命力;使衰弱
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 使失去生命力;使衰弱
▪ The manager decided to devitalize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使失去生命力这个问题。
▪ She will devitalize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使失去生命力这项任务。
▪ They need to devitalize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使失去生命力这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to devitalize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使失去生命力了计划。
复合维生素
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 复合维生素
▪ The multivitamin arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位复合维生素比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained multivitamin knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的复合维生素知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced multivitamin for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的复合维生素。
▪ The multivitamin answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,复合维生素回答了记者的提问。
不能存活的;不可行的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 不能存活的;不可行的
▪ The new rule will be nonviable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是不能存活的。
▪ They considered the plan nonviable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是不能存活的。
▪ The manager gave a nonviable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个不能存活的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be nonviable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是不能存活的的。
使复兴;使恢复活力
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 使复兴;使恢复活力
▪ The manager decided to revitalize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使复兴这个问题。
▪ She will revitalize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使复兴这项任务。
▪ They need to revitalize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使复兴这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to revitalize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使复兴了计划。
复兴者;奋兴布道者
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 复兴者;奋兴布道者
▪ The revivalist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位复兴者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained revivalist knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的复兴者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced revivalist for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的复兴者。
▪ The revivalist answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,复兴者回答了记者的提问。
使复活;使振作
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 使复活;使振作
▪ The manager decided to revivify the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使复活这个问题。
▪ She will revivify the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使复活这项任务。
▪ They need to revivify the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使复活这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to revivify the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使复活了计划。
生存主义者
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生存主义者
▪ The survivalist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生存主义者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained survivalist knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生存主义者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced survivalist for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生存主义者。
▪ The survivalist answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生存主义者回答了记者的提问。
幸存者
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 幸存者
▪ The survivor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位幸存者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained survivor knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的幸存者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced survivor for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的幸存者。
▪ The survivor answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,幸存者回答了记者的提问。
可行性;存活能力
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 可行性;存活能力
▪ The whole viability took several hours to complete.
整个可行性过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper viability is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的可行性至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of viability with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了可行性的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the viability.
经理就可行性写了一份清晰的报告。
可行的;能存活的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 可行的;能存活的
▪ The new rule will be viable for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是可行的。
▪ They considered the plan viable after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是可行的。
▪ The manager gave a viable answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个可行的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be viable before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是可行的的。
食物;佳肴
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 食物;佳肴
▪ The viand is widely used in this kind of work.
食物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the viand in a safe place after use.
用后请把食物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the viand to the entrance of the building.
团队把食物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable viand at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的食物。
食物;给养
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 食物;给养
▪ The victual is widely used in this kind of work.
食物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the victual in a safe place after use.
用后请把食物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the victual to the entrance of the building.
团队把食物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable victual at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的食物。
食物;口粮
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 食物;口粮
▪ The victuals is widely used in this kind of work.
食物在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the victuals in a safe place after use.
用后请把食物放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the victuals to the entrance of the building.
团队把食物搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable victuals at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的食物。
赋予生命;激发
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 赋予生命;激发
▪ The manager decided to vitalize the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前赋予生命这个问题。
▪ She will vitalize the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去赋予生命这项任务。
▪ They need to vitalize the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要赋予生命这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to vitalize the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就赋予生命了计划。
极其;生死攸关地
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
副 极其;生死攸关地
▪ The team vitally finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前极其完成了任务。
▪ She vitally checked the results and then signed the form.
她极其核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were vitally changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被极其修改了。
▪ He spoke vitally so that everyone could understand.
他极其发言,好让每个人都听懂。
要害器官;核心
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 要害器官;核心
▪ The vitals arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位要害器官比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained vitals knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的要害器官知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced vitals for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的要害器官。
▪ The vitals answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,要害器官回答了记者的提问。
万岁 n.(英口语)口试
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 万岁 n.(英口语)口试
▪ The viva is widely used in this kind of work.
万岁在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the viva in a safe place after use.
用后请把万岁放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the viva to the entrance of the building.
团队把万岁搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable viva at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的万岁。
活泼的;快活的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 活泼的;快活的
▪ The new rule will be vivacious for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是活泼的。
▪ They considered the plan vivacious after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是活泼的。
▪ The manager gave a vivacious answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个活泼的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be vivacious before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是活泼的的。
活泼;快活
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 活泼;快活
▪ The whole vivacity took several hours to complete.
整个活泼过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper vivacity is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的活泼至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of vivacity with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了活泼的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the vivacity.
经理就活泼写了一份清晰的报告。
生态饲养箱;活体生态园
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生态饲养箱;活体生态园
▪ They met near the vivarium after the work was finished.
工作结束后,他们在生态饲养箱附近碰面。
▪ The new vivarium opened to the public last month.
新的生态饲养箱上个月向公众开放。
▪ Many visitors gather at the vivarium during the summer.
夏天有许多游客聚集在生态饲养箱。
▪ The vivarium is located just outside the center of the city.
生态饲养箱就坐落在市中心外侧。
生动地;鲜明地
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
副 生动地;鲜明地
▪ The team vividly finished the task before the deadline.
团队在截止日前生动地完成了任务。
▪ She vividly checked the results and then signed the form.
她生动地核对了结果,然后签了表。
▪ The rules were vividly changed at the start of the year.
这些规则在年初被生动地修改了。
▪ He spoke vividly so that everyone could understand.
他生动地发言,好让每个人都听懂。
生动;鲜明
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生动;鲜明
▪ The vividness arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生动比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained vividness knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生动知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced vividness for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生动。
▪ The vividness answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生动回答了记者的提问。
使生动;赋予生气
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 使生动;赋予生气
▪ The manager decided to vivify the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前使生动这个问题。
▪ She will vivify the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去使生动这项任务。
▪ They need to vivify the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要使生动这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to vivify the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就使生动了计划。
生物学的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 生物学的
▪ The new rule will be biological for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是生物学的。
▪ They considered the plan biological after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是生物学的。
▪ The manager gave a biological answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个生物学的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be biological before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是生物学的的。
生物学家
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生物学家
▪ The biologist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生物学家比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained biologist knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生物学家知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced biologist for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生物学家。
▪ The biologist answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生物学家回答了记者的提问。
仿生的;有超能力的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 仿生的;有超能力的
▪ The new rule will be bionic for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是仿生的。
▪ They considered the plan bionic after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是仿生的。
▪ The manager gave a bionic answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个仿生的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be bionic before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是仿生的的。
活检;活体组织检查
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 活检;活体组织检查
▪ The biopsy is widely used in this kind of work.
活检在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the biopsy in a safe place after use.
用后请把活检放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the biopsy to the entrance of the building.
团队把活检搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable biopsy at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的活检。
生物区系;生物总和
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生物区系;生物总和
▪ The biota arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生物区系比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained biota knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生物区系知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced biota for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生物区系。
▪ The biota answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生物区系回答了记者的提问。
生物技术
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生物技术
▪ The biotech arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生物技术比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained biotech knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生物技术知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced biotech for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生物技术。
▪ The biotech answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生物技术回答了记者的提问。
生命的;生物的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 生命的;生物的
▪ The new rule will be biotic for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是生命的。
▪ They considered the plan biotic after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是生命的。
▪ The manager gave a biotic answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个生命的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be biotic before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是生命的的。
长寿饮食法的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 长寿饮食法的
▪ The new rule will be macrobiotic for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是长寿饮食法的。
▪ They considered the plan macrobiotic after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是长寿饮食法的。
▪ The manager gave a macrobiotic answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个长寿饮食法的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be macrobiotic before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是长寿饮食法的的。
益生菌 adj. 益生的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 益生菌 adj. 益生的
▪ The new rule will be probiotic for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是益生菌。
▪ They considered the plan probiotic after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是益生菌。
▪ The manager gave a probiotic answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个益生菌的答复。
▪ Every solution must be probiotic before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是益生菌的。
共生(关系)
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 共生(关系)
▪ The symbiosis arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位共生比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained symbiosis knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的共生知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced symbiosis for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的共生。
▪ The symbiosis answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,共生回答了记者的提问。
共生的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 共生的
▪ The new rule will be symbiotic for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是共生的。
▪ They considered the plan symbiotic after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是共生的。
▪ The manager gave a symbiotic answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个共生的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be symbiotic before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是共生的的。
加快;(使)复苏;(胎儿)微动
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
动 加快;(使)复苏;(胎儿)微动
▪ The manager decided to quicken the problem before the meeting.
经理决定在会前加快这个问题。
▪ She will quicken the task after the new plan is ready.
新计划准备好后她会去加快这项任务。
▪ They need to quicken the materials before the class begins.
上课前他们需要加快这些材料。
▪ Nobody expected him to quicken the plan so quickly.
没人料到他这么快就加快了计划。
生石灰
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 生石灰
▪ The quicklime arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位生石灰比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained quicklime knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的生石灰知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced quicklime for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的生石灰。
▪ The quicklime answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,生石灰回答了记者的提问。
迅速;敏捷
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 迅速;敏捷
▪ The whole quickness took several hours to complete.
整个迅速过程花了好几个小时才完成。
▪ Proper quickness is essential if the results are to be reliable.
若要结果可靠,恰当的迅速至关重要。
▪ The team studied the process of quickness with great care.
团队非常仔细地研究了迅速的过程。
▪ The manager wrote a clear report on the quickness.
经理就迅速写了一份清晰的报告。
流沙
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 流沙
▪ The quicksand is widely used in this kind of work.
流沙在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the quicksand in a safe place after use.
用后请把流沙放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the quicksand to the entrance of the building.
团队把流沙搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable quicksand at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的流沙。
水银;汞
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
名 水银;汞
▪ The quicksilver is widely used in this kind of work.
水银在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the quicksilver in a safe place after use.
用后请把水银放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the quicksilver to the entrance of the building.
团队把水银搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable quicksilver at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的水银。
黄道带的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 黄道带的
▪ The new rule will be zodiacal for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是黄道带的。
▪ They considered the plan zodiacal after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是黄道带的。
▪ The manager gave a zodiacal answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个黄道带的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be zodiacal before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是黄道带的的。
动物学的
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:vit/viv
形 动物学的
▪ The new rule will be zoological for everyone in the group.
新规则对组里每个人都将是动物学的。
▪ They considered the plan zoological after a long discussion.
经过长时间讨论,他们认为该计划是动物学的。
▪ The manager gave a zoological answer at the meeting.
经理在会上给出了一个动物学的的答复。
▪ Every solution must be zoological before it is approved.
每个方案在获批前都必须是动物学的的。
viv
e
同桌用餐者,同宴席者
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:con + viv + e
名 同桌用餐者,同宴席者
▪ The convive arrived at the office earlier than usual.
那位同桌用餐者比平时更早到了办公室。
▪ A trained convive knows how to handle this kind of problem.
训练有素的同桌用餐者知道如何处理这类问题。
▪ They hired an experienced convive for the new project.
他们为新项目雇了一位有经验的同桌用餐者。
▪ The convive answered the reporters’ questions after the event.
活动结束后,同桌用餐者回答了记者的提问。
i
an
薇薇安(女子名)
拉丁词根 vit/viv 派生:viv + i + an
名 薇薇安(女子名)
▪ The vivian is widely used in this kind of work.
薇薇安在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the vivian in a safe place after use.
用后请把薇薇安放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the vivian to the entrance of the building.
团队把薇薇安搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable vivian at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的薇薇安。
invitare to invite, seek
邀请;招待;请求;邀请;请柬
拉丁词根 vit 派生:in- toward + invitare to invite, seek
名 邀请;招待;请求;邀请;请柬
衍
invitation(n)=邀请;请柬
▪ The invite is widely used in this kind of work.
邀请在这类工作中被广泛使用。
▪ Please keep the invite in a safe place after use.
用后请把邀请放在安全的地方。
▪ The team moved the invite to the entrance of the building.
团队把邀请搬到了大楼入口。
▪ You can find a reliable invite at the shop near the station.
车站附近的店里能找到可靠的邀请。
考辨与注意 NOTES & CAUTIONS
注意 vict(活)与 vict(征服)
vīvere 的分词 victus「活过」与 vincere 的 victus「征服」同形不同根;victim「受害者」实出拉丁语 victima「祭品」,与二者皆无关。
quick 原是「活的」
古英语 cwic「活的、有灵的」;the quick and the dead「生者与死者」保留古义;今「快」是引申。
词源树 ETYMOLOGY TREE
PIE *gʷih₃w-(live) ← 希腊 bios「生命」· 古英语 cwic「活的」
│
├─ 拉丁 vīvō · vīvere · vīxī · victum(第三变位)
│ ├─ 现在词干 vīv-:survive · revive · vivid · vital · vitamin
│ └─ 复合:super- 过=survive · re- 再=revive · con- 共=convive
│
├─ 希腊 bios:biology · biography · amphibian · antibiotic
│
└─ 日耳曼:古英语 cwic → quick「快」(原义「活的」)
证据与方法 EVIDENCE & METHOD
判定 vit/viv 同根,关键在 biology 的希腊同源。
三词干
vīvere 现在 vīv-/完成 vīx-/分词 vict- 同根。
vīv- / vit-
vital(vita 名词)与 vivid(vīv-)同源。
25 词闭环
survive/vital/vivid/biology 25 词都由 vīvere 生成。
外围同源 EXTENDED COGNATES
G · 希腊 bios(生命)
βίος
biology · biography · amphibian · antibiotic;与 vīvere 同 *gʷih₃w-
N · 日耳曼 quick(活的)
古英语 cwic
quick 本族继承;原义「活的」
一屏速记 · 71 词
名 抗生素 adj. 抗生的
源anti-「对抗」+Gk biōtikós「生命的」
例The doctor prescribed an antibiotic.
名 自传
源Gk autos「自己」+bios「一生」+grap…
例She wrote her autobiography.
名 传记
源Gk bios「一生」+graphein「写」
例I am reading a biography of Darwin.
名 生物学
源Gk bios「生命」+-logia「学」;1802…
例She studies biology at university.
形 快的;活的(古义)
源OE cwic「活着的」<Gmc *kwikwaz<…
例She gave a quick answer.
副 快地;迅速地
源quick+-ly
例She quickly finished the work.
名 复兴;复苏;(旧剧)重演
源revive+-al
例There is a revival of interest in folk music.
动 复活;复兴
源L revīvere「再活」=re-「再」+vīve…
例The fresh air revived her.
名 幸存;残存
源survive+-al
例The survival of the fittest.
动 幸存;比…活得长
源OFr survivre<LL supervīver…
例Only three people survived the crash.
形 至关重要的;生命的
源L vītālis「有生命的」<vīta「生命」<v…
例Sleep is vital to health.
名 活力;生命力
源vital+-ity
例She is full of vitality.
名 维生素
源1912 年 Funk 造 vitamine=vit…
例Oranges are rich in vitamin C.
形 生动的;鲜艳的
源L vīvidus「有生气的、鲜活的」<vīvus「…
例She gave a vivid description.
名 威士忌
源Ir uisce beatha「生命之水」=uisc…
例He ordered a glass of whiskey.
名 黄道带;十二宫
源Gk zōidiakos (kyklos)「动物(形…
例The zodiac has twelve signs.
名 动物园
源zoological garden 缩写(1847 …
例The children love the zoo.
名 两栖动物 adj. 两栖的
源Gk amphibios「过双重生活的」=amphi…
例Frogs are amphibians.
名 阿夸维特(北欧烈酒)
源L aqua vītae「生命之水」(蒸馏烈酒旧称)…
例aquavit is a Scandinavian spirit.
名 金钟柏;(解剖)脑树
源L arbor vītae「生命之树」(常绿柏科;小…
例The arborvitae hedge grows tall.
名 氮(旧称)
源Fr azote(Lavoisier)<Gk a-「…
例azote is an old name for nitrogen.
形 可生物降解的
源bio-+degrade+-able
例Use biodegradable bags.
名 生物多样性
源bio-+diversity
例Rainforests have rich biodiversity.
名 传记作家
源biography+-er
例The biographer interviewed many friends.
形 传记的
源biography+-ical
例He gave biographical details.
形 欢宴的;快活友好的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be convivial for everyone in the group.
名 欢宴;欢乐气氛
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The whole conviviality took several hours to complete.
动 使失去生命力;使衰弱
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to devitalize the problem before the meeting.
名 复合维生素
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The multivitamin arrived at the office earlier than usual.
形 不能存活的;不可行的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be nonviable for everyone in the group.
动 使复兴;使恢复活力
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to revitalize the problem before the meeting.
名 复兴者;奋兴布道者
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The revivalist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
动 使复活;使振作
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to revivify the problem before the meeting.
名 生存主义者
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The survivalist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 幸存者
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The survivor arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 可行性;存活能力
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The whole viability took several hours to complete.
形 可行的;能存活的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be viable for everyone in the group.
名 食物;佳肴
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The viand is widely used in this kind of work.
名 食物;给养
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The victual is widely used in this kind of work.
名 食物;口粮
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The victuals is widely used in this kind of work.
动 赋予生命;激发
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to vitalize the problem before the meeting.
副 极其;生死攸关地
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The team vitally finished the task before the deadline.
名 要害器官;核心
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The vitals arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 万岁 n.(英口语)口试
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The viva is widely used in this kind of work.
形 活泼的;快活的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be vivacious for everyone in the group.
名 活泼;快活
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The whole vivacity took several hours to complete.
名 生态饲养箱;活体生态园
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例They met near the vivarium after the work was finished.
副 生动地;鲜明地
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The team vividly finished the task before the deadline.
名 生动;鲜明
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The vividness arrived at the office earlier than usual.
动 使生动;赋予生气
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to vivify the problem before the meeting.
形 生物学的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be biological for everyone in the group.
名 生物学家
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The biologist arrived at the office earlier than usual.
形 仿生的;有超能力的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be bionic for everyone in the group.
名 活检;活体组织检查
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The biopsy is widely used in this kind of work.
名 生物区系;生物总和
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The biota arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 生物技术
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The biotech arrived at the office earlier than usual.
形 生命的;生物的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be biotic for everyone in the group.
形 长寿饮食法的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be macrobiotic for everyone in the group.
形 益生菌 adj. 益生的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be probiotic for everyone in the group.
名 共生(关系)
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The symbiosis arrived at the office earlier than usual.
形 共生的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be symbiotic for everyone in the group.
动 加快;(使)复苏;(胎儿)微动
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The manager decided to quicken the problem before the meeting.
名 生石灰
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The quicklime arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 迅速;敏捷
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The whole quickness took several hours to complete.
名 流沙
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The quicksand is widely used in this kind of work.
名 水银;汞
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The quicksilver is widely used in this kind of work.
形 黄道带的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be zodiacal for everyone in the group.
形 动物学的
源vit/viv
构vit/viv
例The new rule will be zoological for everyone in the group.
名 同桌用餐者,同宴席者
源con + viv + e
构con + viv + e
例The convive arrived at the office earlier than usual.
名 薇薇安(女子名)
源viv + i + an
构viv + i + an
例The vivian is widely used in this kind of work.
名 邀请;招待;请求;邀请;请柬
源in- toward + invitare to invite, seek
构in- toward + invitare to invite, seek
例The invite is widely used in this kind of work.
跨语族导航 NAVIGATION
vit / viv 在拉丁、希腊、日耳曼三条线上的同根字根(点击可跳转)。
G 篇待补 · bios(生命)
N 篇待补 · 古英语 cwic(quick)

